Exam 4-Policy Flashcards
Which court cases compose the exclusionary rule?
Miranda, Gideon, & Mapp
Miranda v. Arizona
people cannot be coerced into confession (Miranda rights)
Gideon v. Wainwright
right to an attorney
Mapp v. Ohio
search and seizure
Obergefell v. Hodges
legalized gay marriage
Citizens United v. FEC
giving money to a candidate is a form of free speech and therefore cannot be restricted by the government
NFIB v. Sebelius
the court case that kept Obamacare in place
DC v. Heller
legal to own a gun but cannot carry it around
Roe v. Wade
legalized abortion
Dobbs v. Jackson Health Center
overturned Roe v. Wade
Engle v. Vitale
prohibits the requirement for teacher-led prayer in school
Kitzmiller v. Dover School District
attempt to sue the school district for not having a class centered around the idea that God created the universe
Gibbons v. Ogden Interstate Commerce
government has the power to regulate interstate commerce
Lawrence v. Texas
as long as there are two consensual adults, any type of sex is legal
Crawford v. Washington
“heresay” is not recognized as valid evidence in court
Grutter v. Bollinger
practice of affirmative action- court ruled that race could be used in decisions to create more diversity in certain environments
US v. Nixon
president does have executive immunity and privilege, but that does not extend to the commitment of a crime
McDonnell v. Green
don’t need direct evidence to prove that a crime was committed
Reynolds v. Sims
“one man, one vote”- any kind of district that is used for elections, to possible extent, should be the same size in terms of population
Lemon v. Kurtzman
parochial (Christian) schools can get funding from the government, but they must pass the Lemon Test
NY Times v. US
it is legal to publish illegally obtained information
NY Times v. Sullivan
libel in the press- must be false, person who made the claim must know that it is false, and it must be printed/said with malice
Edwards v. SC
right to peaceable assembly
Concurring opinion
a written opinion by judges in court supporting a decision with reasoning for why
Dissenting opinion
a written opinion made by judges in court that disagrees with the majority
Civil liberties
protection against government infringement on rights
Civil rights
protection against infringement by persons and/or government
Strict scrutiny test
the court will look at policies to make sure that they are the least restrictive policies in regards to religion
Schenck v US
if the things you say present a clear and present danger, you can be prevented from having freedom of speech
Brandenburg v Ohio
government allows hate speech if it doesn’t present a clear and present danger
Tinker v Des Moines School District
personal expression can’t be restricted
Sunset legislation
legislation with a deadline
McDonald v Chicago
extended federal gun rights to states
Miller v California
against obscene materials
Ex-post facto laws
if you commit a crime that wasn’t a crime when you committed it, you can not be given criminal charges
Bills of attainder
a bill passed by Congress declaring that someone is guilty of a crime
Double jeopardy
you cannot be charged twice for the same crime
Self-incrimination (5th Amendment)
Once you take immunity, you cannot plead the 5th
Habeas corpus
police cannot put you in jail without charging you with a crime
Right to a speedy trial
the government cannot delay your trial
De jure segregation
making law to discriminate
De facto segregation
segregation by circumstance
Dred Scott v Sanford
Dred Scott sued for his own freedom, lost the case because he was considered only ¾ of a person
Plessy v Ferguson
Constitutional establishment of “separate but equal”
Brown v Board of Education
Overruled Plessy v Ferguson
Swann v Mechlenberg County
forced integration in schools
Civil Rights Act of 1964
No more discrimination, cannot discriminate on basis of race, sex, national origin, age, and disability was added later
Heart of Atlanta Hotel
Private businesses can no longer discriminate
Loving v Virginia
allowed interracial marriage
Affirmative action
must take active steps for integration
Regents of UC v Bakke (reverse discrimination)
Ensured that affirmative action could no longer be based on quotas
Gratz v Bollinger & Grutter v Bollinger
Both cases about U of Michigan policies, and were in favor by 5-4 margins with university practices
Students for Fair Admission v Harvard/UNC
Race factor is no longer considered in college admissions
Voting Rights Act of 1965
prohibited racial discrimination in voting
National Debt
the total amount that our country owes to other nations
Deficit
when there is more money going out than there is coming in in a year
Surplus
when there is more money coming in than is going out in a year
Fiscal year
Oct 1- Sept 30
Authorization
a bill that gives authority to do something (sets the law)
Appropriation
a bill that funds oversight (funds authorization bill) yearly
Mandatory spending
something that the government has committed to pay for on a regular schedule (military paychecks)
Discretionary spending
a decision is made to put money towards something (new airplanes)
Revenue
money coming in
Earned Income Tax Credit (negative income tax)
government will send money to aid people under poverty status
Regressive tax
no matter how much money you make, the government takes the same amount of tax
Progressive tax
the more money you make, the more tax the government takes out
Earmark funds
funds collected and spent for a particular purpose
Incrementalism
slow change
Where does budget start?
in the agencies
Office of Managing Budget (OMB)
tends to cut budgets
What are the budgets of the cabinet agencies used for?
they reflect presidential priorities
Concurrent resolution
a budget plan decided upon by both the House and the Senate at the same time
Continuing resolution
a temporary solution to a budget issue, and it only allows agencies to operate as they did previously without change
Line item veto
a former presidential power that enabled the president to have a say on budget bills, but has since been declared unconstitutional
What court case declared the line item veto unconstitutional?
Clinton v US
Deficit spending
continuing to spend money despite a deficit
Zero Based Budgeting
starting budgeting for programs at 0
16th Amendment
allowed for personal income tax
Excise tax
tax on alcohol and addictive drugs
User fees
fees paid by people who make use of a good or service
Luxury tax
an additional tax on luxury goods
Property tax
usually a real estate tax, assessed at a local or state level
Sales tax
a tax applied to purchases, varies by county
Inflation
when the costs of goods and services go up and the value of money goes down
Recession
economy slows down, high unemployment
Stagflation
high unemployment and inflation at the same time
GDP/GNP
combined value of all goods and services produced in a year
Laissez Faire Economics
idea that the government should stay out of economics
Market failures
market fails to produce things that are needed
Public goods
one person’s use of a good does not prevent somebody else’s access to the good
Which political party believes in supply side economics?
Republican
Laffer curve
by taxing the people too much, you get less money coming in
Trickle down economics
“tax the rich”- if you tax the money at a low rate, more money will be coming in
Which political party believes in demand side economics?
democrat
What is the idea behind demand side economics?
investment in people is what stimulates the economy
Prime rate
the rate that money is lent to member banks, set by the Fed
Discount rate
the rate that banks give to their best members
Who is the chairman of the Fed?
Jerome Powell
Medicaid
healthcare for the poor
Medicare
healthcare for the elderly
Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)
did not apply to families with working husbands, and the more children you had the more money you got
TANF
replaced the AFDC, it is a 5-year assistance program that provides resources to families, and is considered a “step-up” because families can’t get benefits for more than two years in a row
What is the problem with private insurance?
it can refuse to cover people due to pre-existing health conditions
What are the objectives of foreign policy?
1) Protection of the United States and its citizens and allies
2) Assurance of continuing access to international resources and markets
3) Preservation of a balance of power in the world
4) Protection of human rights and democracy
NAFTA/USMCA
a trade agreement made between North America, Canada, and Mexico
NATO
international agreement that if a NATO country is invaded or attacked, other NATO countries will provide defense
Trans-Pacific Partnership
a proposed trade agreement between 12 countries in the Pacific Rim
START/SALT
Agreements between the U.S. and Russia to produce less weapons and diminish current arms supply
MAD
Mutually-assured destruction
First strike capability
if a country has first strike capability, they can destroy another country’s nuclear weapons
Second strike capability
the ability of a country with nuclear weapons to strike back against a nuclear attack; no matter how hard it is hit, it can fight back
(T/F) The Federal Government is in charge of public schooling
False. Responsibility for schooling relies primarily on state and local governments
Which president believed that social and economic equality could be attained through equality of educational opportunity?
Lyndon B. Johnson
Why was the American school system in need of reform?
when comparing American schools to international schools, American schools did not have the adequate technologies and resources to ensure that students were learning and succeeding
Patriot Act
passed after 9/11 under the concern that immigrants were terrorists
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)
an executive action issued by President Obama in 2012, DACA directed federal immigration authorities to cease pursuing deportations for most undocumented immigrants who were brought to the US as children. It also allows these immigrants to apply for a two-year work authorization
“Favored” status of immigrants
when immigration legislation was first being introduced, immigration quotas permitted more immigrants from European countries than any other countries and there are concerns that immigrants from certain places will receive more help from the government than others
Where is most government spending allocated?
straight to individuals
Debt ceiling
limit on the amount of money the government can borrow
