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OPT 537 > Exam 4 -- Oncology > Flashcards

Exam 4 -- Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: cancer is the #2 cause of death in the US.

A

True.

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2
Q

Which gender has a higher prevalence of cancer?

A

Male

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3
Q

What is the median age of onset of cancer?

A

66 years (random connection: the overall 5 year survival rate is about 66%)

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4
Q

Which ethnicity has a higher prevalence of cancer?

A

African American

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5
Q

What are the three most common types of cancer in men?

A

In order of decreasing prevalence: prostate, lung, colorectal

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6
Q

What are the three most common types of cancer in women?

A

In order of decreasing prevalence: breast, lung, colorectal

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7
Q

True or false: proto-oncogenes are normal genes

A

True; it’s when they have some sort of mutation that they can become oncogenes.

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8
Q

What are oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes?

A

Oncogenes are genes that inappropriately stimulate cell growth; tumor suppressor genes inhibit abnormal cell growth.

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9
Q

What is the two-hit theory?

A

People born with a mutation in an allele for a gene that can lead to cancer have one “hit” already, and only need one more “hit” from the environment in order to have a much higher chance of developing cancer.

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10
Q

What are some oncogenes and their related cancers? (The ones bolded in the lecture.)

A

Her-2 (breast), Philadelphia chromosome (CML), JAK2 (polycythemia vera)

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11
Q

What are some tumor suppressor genes and their related cancers? (The ones bolded in the lecture.)

A

RB1 (retinoblastoma), BRCA1/BRCA2 (breast)

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12
Q

What suffix to a name indicates a malignant tumor?

A

The suffixes “-carcinoma” and “-sarcoma” indicate malignant, whereas “-oma” by itself indicates a benign tumor. For example, osteoma is a benign tumor while osteosarcoma indicates a malignant tumor.

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13
Q

What is metaplasia? Give an example of when this happens.

A

Metaplasia is change from one type of mature cell type to another mature cell type. Example: change in the lungs of a smoker from ciliated columnar to stratified squamous. Something similar can also happen with gastric reflux.

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14
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Dysplasia is a change from a mature cell type to an immature cell type.

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15
Q

True or false: neoplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia are all reversible.

A

False; neoplasia is irreversible, while metaplasia and dysplasia are indeed reversible.

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16
Q

What are the two different types of radiation therapy discussed in class?

A

External beam radiation (beam of radiation directly over the site) and brachytherapy (radioactive pellets on a plaque, then attached to the site)

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17
Q

What are some drugs used for chemotherapy?

A

Chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, methotrexate, hydroxyurea, 5-Fluorouracil, mitomycin C. Dr. Ooley implied that we just need to recognize that these (the bolded terms) are chemo drugs, and that they interfere with the cell cycle. Not 100% sure how accurate that statement is though.

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18
Q

Besides chemotherapy, what other options exist to treat cancer?

A

Biologic/targeted therapy (rituximab, traztuzumab, bevacizumab), targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, gene therapy, hormonal therapy (tamoxifen), steroids.

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19
Q

Of the cancers that both men and women can get (i.e., not testicular/prostate or ovarian/endometrial/cervical, etc.), men have the higher prevalence of prostate, lung, liver, pancreatic, bladder, and osteosarcoma. Women have the higher prevalence of breast and meningioma. Colorectal doesn’t have prevalences mentioned.

A

Free card, if it helps.

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20
Q

Is the 5-year survival rate for breast cancer with treatment high or low?

A

High (90%)

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21
Q

Is the 10-year survival rate for prostate cancer with treatment high or low?

A

High (75%), but low (35%) if there has been metastasis

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22
Q

Is the 5-year survival rate for lung cancer with treatment high or low?

A

Low: 30-50% for NSCLC, 5-10% for SCLC

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23
Q

Is the 5-year survival rate for colorectal cancer with treatment high or low?

A

High (75-90%), but low (6-10%) if there has been metastasis

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24
Q

Is the 5-year survival rate for liver cancer with treatment high or low?

A

Low (15%)

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25
Q

Is the 5-year survival rate for pancreatic cancer with treatment high or low?

A

Low (3-15%)

26
Q

Is the 5-year survival rate for cervical cancer with treatment high or low?

A

Medium high (68%)

27
Q

Is the 5-year survival rate for uterine cancer with treatment high or low?

A

High (80%) if caught in early stages

28
Q

Is the 5-year survival rate for ovarian cancer with treatment high or low?

A

Medium (44%)

29
Q

Is the 5-year survival rate for bladder cancer with treatment high or low?

A

High (77%)

30
Q

Is the overall 5-year survival rate for brain cancer with treatment high or low? What about glioblastoma specifically

A

Low (33%); even lower for glioblastoma (10%)

31
Q

Is the 5-year survival rate for bone cancer with treatment high or low?

A

Medium to high (60-80%)

32
Q

Which cancers tend to occur in older (i.e., above 50 years) people? [By “tend” I mean either the average or the median, according to Dr. Ooley’s lecture.]

A

Breast, prostate, lung, colorectal, liver, pancreatic, uterine, ovarian, bladder

33
Q

Which cancers tend to occur in younger (i.e., below 50 years) people? [By “tend” I mean either the average or the median, according to Dr. Ooley’s lecture.]

A

Cervical, testicular, bone

34
Q

Which cancers were mentioned as being more prevalent in Caucasians?

A

Breast, bladder, testicular

35
Q

Which cancers were mentioned as being more prevalent in African Americans?

A

Prostate, pancreatic, osteosarcoma

36
Q

What breast cancer screening protocol is recommended for women?

A

Mammogram every two years after age 50.

37
Q

What drugs can be used to treat breast cancer?

A

Herceptin and tamoxifen

38
Q

What prostate cancer screening protocol is recommended?

A

Starting at age 50, prostate specific antigen (PSA; >4ng/ml is suspicious), also digital rectal exam (DRE)

39
Q

What vaccine has been approved to treat a cancer, and which cancer is it approved for?

A

Provenge (for prostate cancer)

40
Q

What cancer is the most common malignant tumor worldwide?

A

Lung cancer

41
Q

What lung cancer screening protocol is recommended?

A

CT scan for patients between the age of 55-77 years who were/are 1 pack/day for 30 years (or equivalent) and who stopped smoking less than 15 years ago or are still currently smoking

42
Q

What are the two types of lung cancers we need to remember from class? Which is more prevalent overall? Which is more common for non smokers to get?

A

Non small cell carcinoma (most common) and small cell carcinoma. Non small cell is the most common for non smokers.

43
Q

What is a Pancoast tumor, and what ocular condition can it cause?

A

A lung tumor at the apex of the lung. It can cause Horner’s syndrome.

44
Q

What colorectal cancer screening protocol is recommended?

A

Colonoscopy every 10 years starting at age 50

45
Q

Know that the main diagnostic tool for colorectal cancer is colonoscopy.

A

Free card.

46
Q

Most hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) is due to what?

A

Chronic Hepatitis B or C

47
Q

How is liver cancer diagnoised?

A

Ultrasound or CT/MRI, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), biopsy

48
Q

True or false: pancreatic cancer is a very common type of cancer.

A

False; it only accounts for 3% of cancers

49
Q

True or false: smoking is highly associated with pancreatic cancer.

A

True.

50
Q

What virus is present in nearly every case of cervical cancer?

A

HPV

51
Q

What risk factors are associated with cervical cancer?

A

Early sexual activity, multiple partners, STDs, oral contraceptives.

52
Q

What cervical cancer screening protocol is recommended?

A

PAP smear every three years starting at age 21

53
Q

What vaccines are available to try and help prevent cervical cancer?

A

Cervarix and gardasil

54
Q

What are some of the risk factors for uterine cancer?

A

Estrogen, tamoxifen, early menarche and later menopause, fewer pregnancies/older age at first pregnancy, polycystic ovarian syndrome. (These are pretty much the same risk factors for ovarian cancer.)

55
Q

True or false: ovarian cancer is the most common cause of gynecologic cancer death

A

True.

56
Q

What are the risk factors for testicular cancer?

A

Undescended testicles, HIV/AIDS

57
Q

Which type of brain cancer is the most common malignant brain tumor?

A

Glioblastoma.

58
Q

Which type of brain cancer accounts for 1/3 of brain tumors?

A

Meningioma

59
Q

Which brain tumor is the most common ocular tumor in adults?

A

Meningioma

60
Q

Ocular melanoma is commonly the result of metastasis from what sites?

A

Breast or lung

OPT 537 (21 decks)

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