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Anatomy Exam 4 (Ana) > exam 4: NS general concepts (31) > Flashcards

exam 4: NS general concepts (31) Flashcards

1
Q

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

what does these terms correspond with

A

Prosencephalon= FOREBRAIN

Mesencephalon= MIDBRAIN

Rhombencephalon= HINDBRAIN

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2
Q

Cranial end of the neural tube develops ______ enlargements

A

3

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3
Q

Caudal to the brain, the neural tube becomes the _________

A

spinal cord

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4
Q

The 3 main enlargements divide/develop into __ main divisions of the brain

A

5

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5
Q

What does the Proencephalon subdivide into

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

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6
Q

What does the Rhombencephalon subdivide into

A

Metencephalon (pons)
Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)

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7
Q

what are the 3 main parts of the encephalon

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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8
Q

What are the major deviates of the Telencephalon

A

Cerebral cortex
Basal nuclei

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9
Q

What are the major deviates of the Diencephalon

A

Epithalamus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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10
Q

What are the major deviates of the Mesencephalon

A

Tectum
Tegmentum
Cerebral peduncles

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11
Q

What are the major deviates of the metencephalon

A

Cerebellum
Pons

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12
Q

What are the major deviates of the Myelencephalon

A

Medulla Oblongata

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13
Q

what is the lumen associated with the Telencephalon

A

Lateral ventricles (1 for each hemisphere)

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14
Q

what is the lumen associated with the Diencephalon

A

third ventricle

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15
Q

what is the lumen associated with the mesencephalon

A

mesencephalic aqueduct

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16
Q

what is the lumen associated with the Metencephalon

A

rostral part of fourth ventricle

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17
Q

what is the lumen associated with the Myelencephalon

A

caudal part of the fourth ventricle

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18
Q

what is the subdivision and lumen associated with the remainder of the neural tube

A

subdivision: spinal cord
lumen: central canal

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19
Q

what does the optic cups of an embryo expand to form

A

eyes

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20
Q

What does the telencephalon form

A

the 2 hemispheres of the brain

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21
Q

lumen is another word for a ____

A

cavity

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22
Q

what are the FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS of the encephalon

A

Cerebrum (Telencephalon)
Cerebellum
Brainstem [base]

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23
Q

what is the brain stem composed of

A

Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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24
Q

what is the most caudal portion of the rhombencephalon that communicates with the spinal cord

A

medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)

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25
Q

The space in the neural canal known as
_____________ is dorsal to the myelencephalon and metencephalon

A

IV ventricle

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26
Q

Nucleus of the vagus lives in the ________

A

medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)

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27
Q

the medulla oblongata (myelencephalon) has ascending and descending __________

A

projection neurons

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28
Q

what areas does the medulla oblongata (myelencephalon) control

A

cardiovascular and respiratory
arousal/awareness

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29
Q

medulla oblongata (myelencephalon) contains UMN or LMN nuclei

A

UMN

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30
Q

what cranial nerves are involved with the medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)

A

CN VI to XII

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31
Q

what is being pointed to

A

Rhomboid fossa (the floor of the 4th ventricle)

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32
Q

identify 1 and 2 of the ventral aspect of the medulla oblongata

A
  1. pyramids
  2. Decussation of pyramids
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33
Q

In the medulla oblongata, what is the name of the descending motor fibers that are from the superior aspect of the brain forming columns

A

pyramids

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34
Q

Crossover of descending motor fibers. Is consider de boundary between the encephalon and the spinal cord

A

Decussation of pyramids

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35
Q

what is the natural landmark of where the encephalon ends and spinal cord begins

A

Decussation of pyramids

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36
Q

Decussation of pyramids move rostrally=

Decussation of pyramids move caudally=

A

rostral= encephalon

caudally= spinal cord

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37
Q

are there fibers that do NOT cross at the decussations of the pyramids

A

true (majority do, but not ALL)

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38
Q

metencephalon is rostral to the _________________-

A

myelencephalon

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39
Q

T/F the pons also has ascending/descending projection fibers, arousal/awareness, and UMN nuclei

A

true

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40
Q

what is the MAIN CN of the Metencephalon (pons)

A

CN V (trigeminal)

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41
Q

what is the highlighted part

A

Pons or Metencephalon

Ventral view

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42
Q

identify 1 and 2

A
  1. Rhomboid fossa (floor of 4th ventricle)
  2. middle cerebellar peduncle (larger peduncle)
43
Q

Correspond to the tree shape formation made by the white
matter (axons) in the center of the cerebellum

A

arbor vitae

44
Q

Folds of the cortex (peripheral
grey matter/neuron somas)
of the cerebellum.

A

Folias

45
Q

identify the parts of the cerebellum

A
  1. Grooves
  2. Folias
    3.ARBOR VITAE
46
Q

what does cortex mean

A

a bunch of somas (grey matter)

47
Q

why is the cerebellum called the “little brain”

A

because it has a cortex (folias)

48
Q

externally, what are the parts of the cerebellum

A

2 hemispheres (R and L)
Vermis

49
Q

what are the hemispheres of the cerebellum associated with

A

control of Motricity (fine motor skills)

50
Q

When you have a stroke in the cerebellum, what is the first thing affected

A

Motricity

51
Q

The base of the cerebellum is most associated with what function

A

balance/ equalibrium

52
Q

On the top of the cerebellum, known as the VERMIS what functions is it in charge of

A

muscular tone

53
Q

identify 1-3 on the cerebellum

A

1.VERMIS
2.Hemisphere
3. Base

54
Q

Cerebellar nuclei and Cerebellar cortex help with the ______ and ______ related to motor skills

A

coordination and movement

55
Q

Cerebellar nuclei and Cerebellar cortex help maintain what 3 things

A

posture, balance, and equilibrium

56
Q

identify 1 and 2

A

1.Cerebellar cortex
2.Cerebellar nuclei

57
Q

Does the MESENCEPHALON have:
- passage of ascending/descending projection neurons
-arousal/awareness
-UMN

A

yes

58
Q

what specific reflex does MESENCEPHALON have

A

visual/auditory reflexes

59
Q

what cranial nerves are involved in the MESENCEPHALON

A

CN III, IV

60
Q

what is dorsal part of the MESENCEPHALON

A

Tectum colliculi

61
Q

what is in the middle of the MESENCEPHALON

A

MESENCEPHALIC Aqueduct

62
Q

what is the ventral portion of the MESENCEPHALON

A

cerebral peduncle

63
Q

what does the MESENCEPHALIC Aqueduct communicate with

A

3rd and 4th ventricle

64
Q

identify 1 and 2

A

1.Rostral colliculi of the TECTUM
2. caudal colliculi of the TECTUM

65
Q

MESENCEPHALON:
what reflex are the Rostral colliculi of the Tectum responsible for

A

visual reflex

66
Q

MESENCEPHALON:
what reflex are the Caudal colliculi of the Tectum responsible for

A

Auditory reflexes

67
Q

what is the singular term for Colliculi

A

culliculus

68
Q

____________ of the MESENCEPHALON

A

Cerebral peduncules

69
Q
A

Diencephalon

70
Q

the Diencephalon is the gateway/ relay center to the ___________

A

forebrain

71
Q

Diencephalon has ___________ control

A

autonomic/homeostatic

72
Q

T/F Diencephalon is important for arousal/awareness and is part of the UMN control system

A

true

73
Q

what cranial nerve is involved with the Diencephalon

A

CN II (optic)

74
Q

located between the 2 hemispheres and is the most cranial portion of the brain stem

A

Diencephalon

75
Q

what is the central area of the Diencephalon

A

thalamus (R and L)

76
Q

All of the afferents in the body has to stop at the ______ before getting into the cortex

A

thalamus (relay station)

77
Q

what is the only sense that bypasses the thalamus

A

olfactory

78
Q

Identify parts 1-4 of the Diencephalon

A
  1. Epithalamus
  2. Thalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
  4. Hypophysis
79
Q

what gland is found dorsal and caudal position in the epithalamus.

Produces melatonin, a hormone that modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles

A

pineal gland

80
Q

identify 1 and 2 of the Diencephalon

A
  1. Epithalamus
  2. Thalamus
81
Q
A

Pineal gland

82
Q

The hypophysis divides into what 2 parts

A
  1. Adenohypophysis
  2. Neurohypophysis
83
Q

what is N
what is A

A
  1. Adenohypophysis
  2. Neurohypophysis
84
Q

_________ is the main thing that separates humans from animals

A

Telencephalon (most modern portion)

85
Q

identify 1-3 of the cerebrum

A
  1. Superficial grey matter: Cortex (6 or 3 cell layers
  2. White matter
  3. Deep grey matter: Basal nuclei
86
Q

what are the 3 categories of fibers in the Telencephalon

A
  • Association
    -Projection
    -Commissurals
87
Q

what kind of fiber is associates areas in the same side (ipsilateral)

A
  • Association
88
Q

what kind of fibers communicate superior with inferior areas and Vice versa

A
  • Projection
89
Q

what kind of fibers communicate contralateral areas right with left and vice versa

A
  • Commissurals
90
Q

the larger commissural fibers of the telencephalon are referred to as the

A

Corpus Callosum

91
Q
A

-Corpus callosum

92
Q
A

-Corpus callosum

93
Q
A

Deep grey matter: Basal nuclei of the Cerebrum

94
Q

Group of subcortical nuclei within the brain responsible mainly for motor control

As well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions, emotional behaviors, and a role in reward and reinforcement, addictive behaviors and habit formation.

A

Basal nuclei

95
Q

_____________ is the cerebral cortex involved in higher-order
brain functions as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands or spatial
reasoning

A

Neocortex (neopallium)

also called the isocortex, or the sixlayered cortex

96
Q

The phylogenetically oldest region of the
brain’s cerebral cortex.

It is often considered contiguous with the olfactory
cortex, also known as rhinencephalon

A

*Arquipallium
*Paleopallium

97
Q

what are the parts of cortex of the cerebrum

A

*Neopallium
*Arquipallium
*Paleopallium

98
Q

Part of the brain involved with the sense of
smell. Close connected with the structures of
the limbic system that control emotions and
memory

A

Rhinencephalon

99
Q

Group of brain structures involved in behavioral and emotional responses, especially for survival, feeding, reproduction and caring for our young, and fight or flight responses

A

Limbic system

100
Q

identify 1-3

A
  1. Olfactory bulb
  2. Olfactory peduncle
  3. Piriform lobe
101
Q

the __________ is important for survival because it
helps detect danger and automatically activate the fight-or-flight response

A

amygdala

102
Q

Seahorse-shaped part of the brain that plays a key role in memory, learning, and emotion

A

Hippocampus

103
Q
A

Hippocampus

104
Q
A

Anatomy Exam 4 (Ana) (16 decks)

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