Exam 4 Material Flashcards
What is debriefing?
to inform participants after the study about the study’s true nature, details, and hypothesis
What is Respect for Persons?
-Ethical principles from the Belmont Report: research participants should be treated as autonomous agents and that certain groups deserve special protection
- Individuals who do not have autonomy are entitles protection
- Anonymous and confidential studies
What is Informed Consent?
- Right of participants to learn about a research a project, know the risks and benefits, and decide whether to participate
What is Beneficence?
- An ethical principle from the Belmont Report: researchers must take precautions to protect participants from harm and to promote well-being
- Maximize the benefits and minimize the harm**
What is an anonymous study?
A way of establishing beneficence; researchers do not collect any identifying information
What is a confidential study?
A way of establishing beneficence; researchers collect some identifying information, but prevent disclosure
What is Justice?
An ethical principle from the Belmont Report calling for a fair balance between the kinds of people who participate in research and the kinds of people who benefit
What are the 5 APA Ethical Principles?
- Beneficence and nonmaleficence
- Fidelity and responsibility
- Integrity
- Justice
- Respect for others rights and dignity
What is the Declaration of Helsinki (1964)? and its 5 parts
- World Medical Association
- Protection and inclusion of vulnerable groups
- Physician investigators’ moral obligation to protect human participants are absolute
- Appropriate training and expertise
- Research Ethics committee
- Duty of the researcher to protect the participant
According to the Nuremberg Code, Research Must…
- Balance risk and benefit
- Benefit humanity
- Be well designed and based on previous research
What are the 4 parts to fidelity and responsibility?
- Consistency
- Commitment to professional behavior
- Inspire confidence and trust
- Take ownership of behavior
What is the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
Committee responsible for ensuring that research using human participants is conducted ethically
What is deception?
the withholding of some details of a study from participants (deception through omission) or the act of actively lying to them (deception through commission)
What is data fabrication?
Researchers invent data that fit the hypothesis instead of providing accurate data
What is data falsification?
Researchers influence a study’s results
What is plagarism?
The appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results, or words withing giving appropriate credit
What are the 3 R’s to guide the care and use of lab animals?
Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction
What is an interaction effect?
When the effect of the original independent variable depends on the level of another independent variable
An interaction effect is…
“the difference between differences”
What is a factorial design?
- A test for interactions
- design in which there are 2+ independent variables
What is the participant variable?
Variable whose levels are selected (measured), not manipulated
What is a main effect?
- The overall effect of one IV on the DV, averaging over the levels of the other IV
- A simple difference
What are marginal means?
The arithmetic means for each level of an IV, averaging over levels of the other IV
Is an interaction is more important than a main effect?
Yes
What is a quasi-experiment?
Researchers do not have full experimental control
What are the 4 main types of Quasi-experiments
- Single factor design without manipulation
- Single factor design with manipulation
- Mixed factorial design with manipulation
- Nonequivalent control groups design
What is Nonequivalent Control Group Design?
An independent groups quasi-experimental that has at least one treatment group and one comparison group, but participants have not been randomly assigned
What is Nonequivalent Control Group Pretest/Post test Design?
An independent groups quasi-experiment that has at least one treatment group and one comparison group, in which participants have not been randomly assigned
-at least one pretest and one post test are administered
What is an Interrupted Time Series Design?
Quasi-Experimental design that measures participants repeatedly on a dependent variable before, during, and after the “interruption” caused by some event
What is a Nonequivalent Control Group Interrupted Time-Series Design?
- A quasi-experiment design with two groups in which participants have not been randomly assigned to groups
- Participants are measured repeatedly on one DV before, during, and after the “interruption” caused by some event and the presence or timing of the interrupting event differs among the groups
The degree to which a quasi-experiment supports a causal claim depends on two things:
- design
- Results
What are wait-list designs?
Method for controlling selection effects, in which all the participants plan to receive treatment but are randomly assigned to do so at different times
What is Single factor design without manipulation?
- Quasi - Experimental
- The single IV is group membership
What is Single Factor Design With Manipulation?
- All members of one group are selected to be in one condition
- All members of another group are selected to be in another condition
- The IV is confounded with group membership
What is Mixed Factorial Design With Manipulation?
- One between subjects quasi-experimental IV that is not manipulated
- One within subjects quasi - experimental IV that is manipulated
Comparison groups in quasi-experimental designs can rule out which threats?
-history
-testing
What are Small N Designs?
- A study in which a researchers gather information from just a few cases
- Participants are treated as a separate experiment
- Individual data presented
What are Single N Designs?
A study in which researchers gather information from only one animal or one person
What are the 3 types of Small N designs?
- Stable Baseline Design
- Multiple Baseline Design
- Reversal Design
What is a Stable-Baseline Design?
- Type of small N design
- A practitioner or researcher observes behavior for an extended baseline period before beginning a treatment or other intervention
- If the behavior during the baseline is stable, researchers can be more certain of the treatment’s effectiveness
What is a Multiple-Baseline Design?
- Type of small N design
- Researchers stagger their introduction of an intervention across a variety of individuals, times, or situations to rule out an alternative explanation
What is a reversal design?
- Type of small N design
- A researcher observes a problem behavior both with and without treatment, but takes the treatment away for awhile to see if the behavior returns
What is a “nested design”
- Real world interactions between “nested” groups
- High external validity and low internal validity
What are the 3 main types of replicability?
- direct
- conceptual
- replication and extension
What is direct replication? What does it need?
- Researchers repeat an original study as closely as they can to see whether the effect is the same in the new data
- Need adequate description of procedures, same measures, record of procedures, and new data
What is Conceptual Replication? What does it need?
- Researchers explore the same research question but use different procedures
- Need new ways to define constructs and new data
What is replication and extension?
Researchers replicate their original experiment and add variables to test additional questions
What is p-hacking?
- A cause for a study to be unreplicable
- Questionable data analysis technique such as adding participants after the results are initially analyzes, looking for outliers, or trying new analysis in order to obtain p < .05, which can lead to nonreplicable results
What is open science?
Practice of sharing one’s data and materials freely so others can collaborate, use, and verify the results
What is preregistration?
Preregistering the study’s methods, hypothesis, and statistical analysis online, in advance of data collection
What is scientific literature?
Consists of a series of related studies conducted by various researchers that’ve tested similar variables
What is a meta analysis?
Method of averaging the results of all the studies that have tested the same variables to see what conclusion the whole body supports
What are the 6 steps of a meta analysis?
- Identify the research area or question
- Decide the inclusion or exclusion criteria
- Locate the studies
- Compute the focal ES and record other variables for each study
- Compile the database
- Complete the Analysis
What is ecological validity (mundane realism)?
a study’s similarity to real world contexts
What is theory-testing mode?
A researchers intent for a study, testing association claims or causal claims to investigate support for a theory
What is generalization mode?
Researchers want to generalize the findings from a previous study to a larger population
Research ethics have an ethical obligation to which 3 areas?
- participants
- society
- science
What are the considerations for the ethical obligation to society?
- considerations about dissemination and funding
What are the considerations for the ethical obligation to science?
- integrity
- fidelity and responsibility
- objectivity
- diversity
What was the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-72)?
African Americans with Syphilis were not told of their diagnosis nor were they given treatment once it was discovered
What was the Milgram Study (1961-61)?
- proof that ordinary people can commit monstrous acts under certain conditions
- participants were told to administer shocks to help confederates in a memory task
- deception
What are the studies reported by Dr. Henry Beecher?
described 22 examples of clinical research he deemed ethically questionable.
Who was Henrietta Lacks?
Henrietta Lacks was a woman with cervical cancer whose cells were removed and replicated without the consent from her
