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PBSI 302 > Exam 4 Material > Flashcards

Exam 4 Material Flashcards

1
Q

What is debriefing?

A

to inform participants after the study about the study’s true nature, details, and hypothesis

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2
Q

What is Respect for Persons?

A

-Ethical principles from the Belmont Report: research participants should be treated as autonomous agents and that certain groups deserve special protection
- Individuals who do not have autonomy are entitles protection
- Anonymous and confidential studies

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3
Q

What is Informed Consent?

A
  • Right of participants to learn about a research a project, know the risks and benefits, and decide whether to participate
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4
Q

What is Beneficence?

A
  • An ethical principle from the Belmont Report: researchers must take precautions to protect participants from harm and to promote well-being
  • Maximize the benefits and minimize the harm**
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5
Q

What is an anonymous study?

A

A way of establishing beneficence; researchers do not collect any identifying information

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6
Q

What is a confidential study?

A

A way of establishing beneficence; researchers collect some identifying information, but prevent disclosure

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7
Q

What is Justice?

A

An ethical principle from the Belmont Report calling for a fair balance between the kinds of people who participate in research and the kinds of people who benefit

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8
Q

What are the 5 APA Ethical Principles?

A
  1. Beneficence and nonmaleficence
  2. Fidelity and responsibility
  3. Integrity
  4. Justice
  5. Respect for others rights and dignity
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9
Q

What is the Declaration of Helsinki (1964)? and its 5 parts

A
  • World Medical Association
  • Protection and inclusion of vulnerable groups
  • Physician investigators’ moral obligation to protect human participants are absolute
  • Appropriate training and expertise
  • Research Ethics committee
  • Duty of the researcher to protect the participant
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10
Q

According to the Nuremberg Code, Research Must…

A
  • Balance risk and benefit
  • Benefit humanity
  • Be well designed and based on previous research
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11
Q

What are the 4 parts to fidelity and responsibility?

A
  • Consistency
  • Commitment to professional behavior
  • Inspire confidence and trust
  • Take ownership of behavior
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12
Q

What is the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

A

Committee responsible for ensuring that research using human participants is conducted ethically

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13
Q

What is deception?

A

the withholding of some details of a study from participants (deception through omission) or the act of actively lying to them (deception through commission)

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14
Q

What is data fabrication?

A

Researchers invent data that fit the hypothesis instead of providing accurate data

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15
Q

What is data falsification?

A

Researchers influence a study’s results

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16
Q

What is plagarism?

A

The appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results, or words withing giving appropriate credit

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17
Q

What are the 3 R’s to guide the care and use of lab animals?

A

Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction

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18
Q

What is an interaction effect?

A

When the effect of the original independent variable depends on the level of another independent variable

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19
Q

An interaction effect is…

A

“the difference between differences”

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20
Q

What is a factorial design?

A
  • A test for interactions
  • design in which there are 2+ independent variables
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21
Q

What is the participant variable?

A

Variable whose levels are selected (measured), not manipulated

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22
Q

What is a main effect?

A
  • The overall effect of one IV on the DV, averaging over the levels of the other IV
  • A simple difference
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23
Q

What are marginal means?

A

The arithmetic means for each level of an IV, averaging over levels of the other IV

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24
Q

Is an interaction is more important than a main effect?

A

Yes

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25
Q

What is a quasi-experiment?

A

Researchers do not have full experimental control

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26
Q

What are the 4 main types of Quasi-experiments

A
  1. Single factor design without manipulation
  2. Single factor design with manipulation
  3. Mixed factorial design with manipulation
  4. Nonequivalent control groups design
27
Q

What is Nonequivalent Control Group Design?

A

An independent groups quasi-experimental that has at least one treatment group and one comparison group, but participants have not been randomly assigned

28
Q

What is Nonequivalent Control Group Pretest/Post test Design?

A

An independent groups quasi-experiment that has at least one treatment group and one comparison group, in which participants have not been randomly assigned
-at least one pretest and one post test are administered

29
Q

What is an Interrupted Time Series Design?

A

Quasi-Experimental design that measures participants repeatedly on a dependent variable before, during, and after the “interruption” caused by some event

30
Q

What is a Nonequivalent Control Group Interrupted Time-Series Design?

A
  • A quasi-experiment design with two groups in which participants have not been randomly assigned to groups
  • Participants are measured repeatedly on one DV before, during, and after the “interruption” caused by some event and the presence or timing of the interrupting event differs among the groups
31
Q

The degree to which a quasi-experiment supports a causal claim depends on two things:

A
  1. design
  2. Results
32
Q

What are wait-list designs?

A

Method for controlling selection effects, in which all the participants plan to receive treatment but are randomly assigned to do so at different times

33
Q

What is Single factor design without manipulation?

A
  • Quasi - Experimental
  • The single IV is group membership
34
Q

What is Single Factor Design With Manipulation?

A
  • All members of one group are selected to be in one condition
  • All members of another group are selected to be in another condition
  • The IV is confounded with group membership
35
Q

What is Mixed Factorial Design With Manipulation?

A
  • One between subjects quasi-experimental IV that is not manipulated
  • One within subjects quasi - experimental IV that is manipulated
36
Q

Comparison groups in quasi-experimental designs can rule out which threats?

A

-history
-testing

37
Q

What are Small N Designs?

A
  • A study in which a researchers gather information from just a few cases
  • Participants are treated as a separate experiment
  • Individual data presented
38
Q

What are Single N Designs?

A

A study in which researchers gather information from only one animal or one person

39
Q

What are the 3 types of Small N designs?

A
  • Stable Baseline Design
  • Multiple Baseline Design
  • Reversal Design
40
Q

What is a Stable-Baseline Design?

A
  • Type of small N design
  • A practitioner or researcher observes behavior for an extended baseline period before beginning a treatment or other intervention
  • If the behavior during the baseline is stable, researchers can be more certain of the treatment’s effectiveness
41
Q

What is a Multiple-Baseline Design?

A
  • Type of small N design
  • Researchers stagger their introduction of an intervention across a variety of individuals, times, or situations to rule out an alternative explanation
42
Q

What is a reversal design?

A
  • Type of small N design
  • A researcher observes a problem behavior both with and without treatment, but takes the treatment away for awhile to see if the behavior returns
43
Q

What is a “nested design”

A
  • Real world interactions between “nested” groups
  • High external validity and low internal validity
44
Q

What are the 3 main types of replicability?

A
  1. direct
  2. conceptual
  3. replication and extension
45
Q

What is direct replication? What does it need?

A
  • Researchers repeat an original study as closely as they can to see whether the effect is the same in the new data
  • Need adequate description of procedures, same measures, record of procedures, and new data
46
Q

What is Conceptual Replication? What does it need?

A
  • Researchers explore the same research question but use different procedures
  • Need new ways to define constructs and new data
47
Q

What is replication and extension?

A

Researchers replicate their original experiment and add variables to test additional questions

48
Q

What is p-hacking?

A
  • A cause for a study to be unreplicable
  • Questionable data analysis technique such as adding participants after the results are initially analyzes, looking for outliers, or trying new analysis in order to obtain p < .05, which can lead to nonreplicable results
49
Q

What is open science?

A

Practice of sharing one’s data and materials freely so others can collaborate, use, and verify the results

50
Q

What is preregistration?

A

Preregistering the study’s methods, hypothesis, and statistical analysis online, in advance of data collection

51
Q

What is scientific literature?

A

Consists of a series of related studies conducted by various researchers that’ve tested similar variables

52
Q

What is a meta analysis?

A

Method of averaging the results of all the studies that have tested the same variables to see what conclusion the whole body supports

53
Q

What are the 6 steps of a meta analysis?

A
  1. Identify the research area or question
  2. Decide the inclusion or exclusion criteria
  3. Locate the studies
  4. Compute the focal ES and record other variables for each study
  5. Compile the database
  6. Complete the Analysis
54
Q

What is ecological validity (mundane realism)?

A

a study’s similarity to real world contexts

55
Q

What is theory-testing mode?

A

A researchers intent for a study, testing association claims or causal claims to investigate support for a theory

56
Q

What is generalization mode?

A

Researchers want to generalize the findings from a previous study to a larger population

57
Q

Research ethics have an ethical obligation to which 3 areas?

A
  • participants
  • society
  • science
58
Q

What are the considerations for the ethical obligation to society?

A
  • considerations about dissemination and funding
59
Q

What are the considerations for the ethical obligation to science?

A
  • integrity
  • fidelity and responsibility
  • objectivity
  • diversity
60
Q

What was the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-72)?

A

African Americans with Syphilis were not told of their diagnosis nor were they given treatment once it was discovered

61
Q

What was the Milgram Study (1961-61)?

A
  • proof that ordinary people can commit monstrous acts under certain conditions
  • participants were told to administer shocks to help confederates in a memory task
  • deception
62
Q

What are the studies reported by Dr. Henry Beecher?

A

described 22 examples of clinical research he deemed ethically questionable.

63
Q

Who was Henrietta Lacks?

A

Henrietta Lacks was a woman with cervical cancer whose cells were removed and replicated without the consent from her

PBSI 302 (2 decks)

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