Exam 4 Material Flashcards
Why is less known about sexual deviations?
- fewer researchers
- sex taboo
- controversial issues
- political climate
What are 3 individual differences with sexual deviations?
- exposure to, or experience in, sexual behaviors
- values (prohibition of sexual expression outside of marriage)
- comfort with discussion
What are the 2 criteria for “abnormal” sexuality?
- distress
- harm to self or others
What are the 2 categories of sexual disorders?
- sexual dysfunctions: problems with sexual responses
- paraphilic disorders: sexual urges and fantasies in response to socially inappropriate objects or situations
What is sexual dysfunction?
the disruption in the normal sexual response cycle
What is the prevalence of sexual dysfunctions?
Men: 31%
Women: 43%
What are the 4 types of sexual dysfunction?
- lifelong: their whole lives
- acquired: normal and then it wasn’t
- generalized: present during all sexual situations
- situational: tied to particular situations
What are the four phases of the human sexual response?
- Desire
- Excitement/arousal
- orgasm
- resolution
What are some differences between male and female sexual response cycle?
Male: desire phase is the longest phase, quick increase to orgasm phase and drops abruptly into resolution
Female: shorter desire phase, no automatic transition from orgasm to resolution, females may have multiple orgasms, doesn’t have to have an orgasm to enter resolution
What are disorders of desire?
disorders involve a lack of interest in sex and little initiation of sexual activity
-urge to have sex, sexual fantasies, sexual attraction
What is the prevalence of disorders of desire?
Men: 17%
Women: 20-30% of sexually active women, 44% post-menopausal
What is the timeframe for all sexual dysfunction disorders?
Symptoms must be there for 6 months or more
What are some biological causes of desire disorders?
- hormonal abnormalities: prolactin, testosterone, and estrogen
- high levels of serotonin and dopamine
- sex drive can be lowered by medications
What are 4 psychological causes of disorders of desire?
- increase in anxiety, depression, or anger
- certain psychological disorders including depression and OCD
- Poor body image and low self-esteem
- fears, attitude, and memories (trauma)
What are sociocultural causes of desire disorders?
- attitudes, fears, and psychological disorders/situational pressures
- cultural standards
- religious beliefs
What are some treatments for desire disorders?
- these are the most difficult to treat
- therapists may apply a combination of techniques: emotional awareness, self-instruction training, behavioral techniques
- hormone treatments (testosterone, antidepressants)
What are disorders of excitement/arousal?
- dysfunction with the subjective experience of sexual pleasure
What are the two “f’s” for good sex?
- Fantasy
erotic thoughts
romance, intimacy, play, flirtation
-Friction
stimulation of genitals and other erogenous body parts
What is Erectile Disorder? prevalence?
- persistent inability to attain or maintain an erection during sexual activity
- must occur 75% or more of the time
- 7% ages 18-19, 18% ages 50-59, up to 90% on SSRIs
What is Female sexual arousal disorder? prevelance
- absence of vaginal lubrication
- up to 30% of women (increases post-menopausal)
What are biological causes of excitement disorders?
- hormonal imbalances
- vascular problems
damage to nervous system
may have psychological causes - use of certain medications or forms of substance abuse (alcohol)
What are psychological causes of excitement disorders?
- same as disorder desires
-but also performance anxiety
What are psychosocial interventions for arousal disorders?
- psychoeducation
- increasing sensation focus exercises, increasing effective stimulation
- lowering the stakes (goal is not an orgasm)
- behavioral rehearsal
What are disorders of orgasm?
- dysfunction of the ability to have an orgasm
What is Early Ejaculation?
- Persistent reaching of orgasm and ejaculation within one minute of penetration
- typical of young men (inexperienced and/or following period of abstinence)
What are 3 psychological explanations for early ejaculation disorder?
- Anxiety
- hurried masturbation experiences (conditioned response)
- poor recognition of arousal
What are biological factors of Early ejaculation disorder?
men have a greater sensitivity in the genital area
higher levels of arousal to sexual stimuli
What are treatments for early ejaculation disorder?
- behavioral procedures
- medications (SSRIs)
What is Delayed ejaculation?
- Delayed or inability to ejaculate
- 3-10% of male population
- older men
What are psychological and biological causes of delayed ejaculation?
- psychological: performance anxiety and spectator role
- biological: low testosterone, neurological disease, head or spinal cord injury, medication
What are 3 treatments for delayed ejaculation?
- reduce performance anxiety
- increases stimulation
- couples therapy
What is Female orgasmic disorder?
- persistent failure to reach orgasm, experiencing orgasms of very low intensity, or delay in orgasm
What is the prevalence of female orgasmic disorder?
- 33% of women
- most common in ages 21-24
What are 4 treatments for female orgasmic disorder?
- distinguish between lifelong and situational
- CBT
- Self-exploration
- enhancement of body awareness
What are disorders of sexual pain?
- characterized by significant pain during intercourse or penetration attempts; tensing or tightening of pelvic floor; fear or anxiety about pain prior to or during penetration
What are treatments for sexual pain disorders?
- psychoeducation
- progressive relaxation
- vaginal dilators
What are Paraphilic disorders?
recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors
- abnormal targets of sexual attraction
- unusual courtship behaviors
- desire for pain and suffering of oneself or others
What is fetishism?
- arousal from nonliving objects or non-erogenous body parts
what is transvestic fetishism?
- arousal from cross-dressing
What is pedophilia?
- arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with prepubescent children
What is voyeurism?
- peeping Tom
- arousal from observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, undressing, or engaging in sexual activities
What is exhibitionism?
- arousal from the exposure of one’s genitals to an unsuspecting person w/o their consent
What is frotteurism?
- arousal from touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person
What is sexual sadism?
- arousal from the physical or psychological suffering of another
-serial killers
What is sexual masochism?
- arousal from the act of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer
What are 5 causal factors of paraphilic disorders?
- male gender
- paraphilia usually begins at puberty
- strong sex drive
- multiple paraphilias
- dependence on visual sexual imagery for males (classical condition)
What is psychosis?
- a state defined by a loss of contact with reality
What are the 3 basics of schizophrenia?
- it is a THOUGHT disorder
- requires a biogenetic vulnerability
- may or may not involve psychosis
What are the 3 categories for schizophrenia symptoms? and examples
positive symptoms (add)
–disorder thinking, odd speech, hallucinations
negative symptoms (remove)
–restricted or flat affect, anhedonia, social withdrawal
psychomotor symptoms
–awkward movements, catatonia
What are 4 examples of disorganized thinking and speech?
- loose associations (derailment)
- neologisms (made-up words)
- perseveration (repeating)
- clang (rhymes)
What are delusions?
- faulty interpretations of reality; fixed and firmly held beliefs despite evidence to the contrary
What are 5 delusions?
- persecution: being targeted by someone or something
- grandeur: they are someone of extreme importance
- reference: neutral external events are believed to have special meaning
- control: their thoughts and actions have been taken over by an outside force
-Thoughts insertion, withdrawal, or broadcasting
What are heightened perceptions?
- people feel that their senses are being flooded by sights and sounds
What are hallucinations?
- sensory perceptions that occur in the ABSENCE of external stimuli
What is inappropriate affect?
- emotions that are unsuited to the situation
What are negative symptoms?
- “pathological deficits” that are characteristics that are lacking in an individual
What is poverty of speech?
- alogia
- reduction of quantity of speech or speech content
What is restricted/flat affect?
- shows less emotion
- avoids eye contact
- expressionless face
- monotonous voice
- anhedonia
What is loss of volition?
- loss of motivation or directedness
What are the 5 symptoms for DSM-5 criteria for schizophrenia?
- 2+ symptoms (1 must be either of the first 3)
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganized speech
- disordered or catatonic behavior
- negative symptoms
How long must signs of disturbance persist for schizophrenia?
6+ months
What is Schizophreniform disorder?
- symptoms of schizophrenia
- duration: min 1 month, max 6 months
What is brief psychotic disorder?
- sudden onset of psychotic symptoms, disorganized speech, or catatonic behavior
- less than one month
- returns to normal speech after
- triggered by high stress
What is schizoaffective disorder?
- schizophrenia + severe mood disorder
- schizophrenia MUST be presence in the absence of a mood disorder
What is delusional disorder?
- firmly hold beliefs that others consider false or absurd
- 1+ delusion present for 1+ months
- lack other schizophrenia symptoms
What are the 3 types of delusions?
- erotomania: believes another person is in love with him/her, will attempt to contact person (stalking common)
- jealous: believes his/her partner is unfaithful
- persecutory: believes they are being mistreated, someone is spying on them, or planning to harm them
What is the prevalence of Schizophrenia?
- 1% of population (rare)
- more frequent at lower SES
- male > female
- age of onset:
–male: 20-24
–female: 20-24, 40, 60
What is the difference between schizophrenia type 1 and type 2?
- type 1: dominated by positive symptoms, biochemical abnormalities in the brain
- type 2: dominated by negative symptoms, structural abnormalities in the brain
What are the 3 phases of schizophrenia?
- prodromal: beginning of deterioration, mild symptoms
- active: symptoms become more apparent/dramatic
- residual: resolution of some but not all symptoms
What is the diathesis-stress model?
Diathesis = vulnerability
- People with a biological predisposition may develop schizophrenia only if certain kinds of stressors or events are also present
What is the genetic factor of schizophrenia?
- the more closely a person is related to someone with schizophrenia, the greater their likelihood for developing the disorder
What are the 3 factors for the biological model of schizophrenia?
- Genetics: schizophrenia is a polygenic disorder
- biochemical abnormalities
- abnormal brain structure
What is the Dopamine Model of Schizophrenia?
- too much dopamine or too active dopamine receptors
- amphetamine use releases dopamine –> psychotic symptoms
What is the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia?
- certain substances block glutamate receptors –> psychotic symptoms
- lack of activity at glutamate receptors may result in subtle brain damage
What is the neurotransmitter model of schizophrenia?
- dopamine and glutamate hypothesis works together
- dopamine inhibits the release of glutamate
What is the brain structure model?
- there are clear brain structural abnormalities in the schizophrenic brain
What are 3 other biological explanations for schizophrenia?
- viral infection
- early nutritional deficiencies and maternal stress
- pregnancy and birth complications (restriction of blood flow to brain)
*all correlational risk factors
What are the limitations of the biological model of schizophrenia?
- biological model does not explain everything
- additional psychological and sociocultural stressors
What in a family system may lead to schizophrenia?
Current theory:
- adoption studies:
◦ Genetic vulnerability + dysfunctional family environment = increased risk of developing schizophrenia
◦ Genetic vulnerability + healthy family environment = reduced/low risk of developing schizophrenia
How does Expressed Emotion play into schizophrenia?
High Expressed Emotion families demonstrate more
-criticism (dislike or disapprove)
- hostility
- emotional overinvolvement
to the schizophrenic family member
What are 3 other factors for developing schizophrenia?
- urban living (low ses, stress, toxins)
- immigration (stress)
- cannabis use and abuse
What were token economy programs from treatment of schizophrenia?
- patients are rewarded when the behave in socially acceptable ways
- rewards in the form of tokens that can be exchanged for food, cigarettes, privileges, and other desirable objects
What medications are used for treatment of schizophrenia?
-1st developed: “typical antipsychotics”
–> block dopamine receptors
- newer antipsychotic drugs “atypical antipsychotics”: cause fewer side effect
What are some side effects of antipsychotic drugs?
“typical:”
- “extrapyramidal effects”
–muscle tremor and rigidity
-tardive dyskinesia involves tic-like involuntary movements
“atypical”
-drowsiness and weight gain
-affects white blood cell count
What is the goal of CBT with schizophrenia?
- change how individuals view and react to their psychotic experiences
What are 3 other non-medication treatments to schizophrenia?
- family therapy
- Socialization Therapy: address social and personal difficulties
- Community Approach
What are 4 reasons for why young children are vulnerable to psychological problems?
- don’t have complex and realistic view of themselves and the world
-immediate threats seem disproportionately more important
-lack of experience –> problems are insurmountable
-more dependent
What is the prevalence rate for childhood and adolescence disorders?
- nearly 50%
- mostly boys > girls
What is childhood anxiety disorder?
- anxiety is, to a degree, a normal and common part of childhood
- dominated by behavioral and somatic symptoms
–upset stomach, headache, fatigue - higher among girls
What are 5 characteristics of childhood anxiety disorders?
- unrealistic fears
- oversensitivity
- self-consciousness
- nightmares
- chronic anxiety
What is separation anxiety disorder?
- excessive anxiety about separation from major attachment figures
What are 5 treatments for childhood anxiety?
- medication (benzos)
- behavioral therapy
- CBT
- family therapies
- play therapy
What are childhood mood problems?
- more common in adolescence and in girls (after 13)
-characterized by such symptoms as headaches,
stomach pain, IRRITABILITY, and a disinterest in toys and games
What is the prevalence of childhood mood problems?
Depression: common, more common in adolescence then children
Bipolar: less common
Suicidal thoughts ad attempts are particularly common
What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?
- a diagnosis for children with severe patterns of rage
- childhood bipolar label was over-applied
What are 3 causal factors for childhood mood disorders?
- biological and learning factors
- exposure to trauma
- parental negative emotion/behaviors
What are 4 treatments for childhood mood disorders?
- antidepressant medications
- medication plus psychotherapy
- supportive emotional environment
- CBT
What is oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)? age of onset?
Recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior
toward authority figures that persists for at least 6 months
- more common in boys
- begins by age 8
What are the 3 subtypes of ODD?
- angry/irritable mood
- argumentative/defiant behavior
- vindictiveness
What are causal risks for ODD?
- family discord
-socioeconomic disadvantage - parental antisocial behavior
What is Conduct Disorder (CD)? age of onset?
Persistent, repetitive violation of rules and disregard for rights of others
- age of onset: 12
- more common in boys
What are some factors for CD?
- genetic and biological factors
- drug abuse
- poverty
- trauma
- issues in family life
What are the differences between ODD and CD?
- ODD: argumentative, defiant, angry and irritable
- CD: more severe. Repeatedly violate the basic rights of others
What are possible causes of ODD and CD?
- biological factors
- personal pathology
- family patterns
- peer relationships
What are some effective and ineffective treatments for ODD and CD?
- ineffective: talk therapy, punitive treatments
- effective treatments: cohesive family model and behavioral techniques
What is Enuresis?
- Repeated involuntary bedwetting or wetting of one’s clothes
- must be at least 5 years of age
What are causes of enuresis?
- faulty learning
- immaturity
- disturbed family
- stress
What is Encopresis?
- repeatedly defecating in one’s clothing
- less common that enuresis
- starts after the age of 4
- more common in boys
What are 3 theories for the cause of elimination disorders?
- psychodynamic: symptom of broader anxiety
- family theorist: disturbed family interactions
- behaviorists: result of improper, unrealistic, or coercive toilet training
What are treatments for elimination disorders?
- behavioral therapy: awareness of proprioceptive cues, conditioning procedures
- medication
What are neurodevelopmental disorders?
- A group of conditions characterized by an early onset and persistent course that are believed to be
the result of disruptions to normal brain development
-brain wiring - must have onset during childhood
What is ADHD?
- children have great difficulty attending to tasks, behave over-actively and impulsively, or both
- boys > girls
- symptoms before the age of 12
What are causes for ADHD?
- biological causes
- abnormal dopamine activity
- abnormalities in the frontal-striatal regions
- social-environmental events
What are some treatments for ADHD?
- medications: stimulant or non-stimulant drugs
- behavior therapy: teaching parents/teachers strategies to reduce over-stimulation
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Children have a wide range of problematic behaviors:
- social deficit
- absence of speech
- self-stimulation
- maintaining sameness
Symptoms before age 3
boys > girls
What are 2 communication problems for ASD?
- echolalia: exact echoing f phrases spoken by others
- pronominal reversal: confusion of pronouns
What are causes of ASD?
- genetics and brain abnormalities
- decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex
- increased activation in ventral occipitotemporal regions
What are not causes of ASD?
- vaccines
- environmental, psychological, and sociological causes
What are 3 treatments for ASD?
- behavioral therapy: teach new behaviors through modeling and operant conditioning
- communication training
- parent training
