Exam 4 Lecture Flashcards
The digestive process begins with the ______ of food.
Starting in the mouth, the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food is referred to as _______
Once foods are broken down into chemical monomers, the digestive system moves nutrients from the GI tract into the cells of the body via _______
Indigestible residues along with some of the non-reabsorbed secretions of digestive organs, undergo ________ where the fluids are removed and a remaining solid is created.
The final step requires __________, where the fecal matter resulting from compaction is excreted from the body.
absorption
compaction
digestion
ingestion
The digestive process begins with the ingestion of food.
Starting in the mouth, the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food is referred to as digestion .
Once foods are broken down into chemical monomers, the digestive system moves nutrients from the GI tract into the cells of the body via absorption .
Indigestible residues along with some of the non-reabsorbed secretions of digestive organs, undergo compaction where the fluids are removed and a remaining solid is created.
The final step requires defecation , where the fecal matter resulting from compaction is excreted from the body.
Mechanical and Chemical
pepsin
hydraulic acid
pancreatic lipease
salivary amilase
mastication
segmentation
haustral contractions
churning
bolus formation
persistasis
mechanical:
mastication
segmentation
haustral contractions
churning
bolus formation
persistasis
Chemical:
pepsin
hydraulic acid
pancreatic lipease
salivary amilase
accessory organ & part of the digestive tract
tooth, colon, gall bladder, buccal cavity, liver, salivary gland, Ileum, rectum , duodenum, jejunum
accessory organ :
tooth, salivary gland, liver, gallbladder
Part of Digestive tract:
Colon, buccal cavity, ileum, jejunum, duodenum, rectum
buccal cavity, duodenum, stomach:
salivary amylase, bile, pancreatic lipase, HCI, intrinsic factor, lingual lipase, chymotrypsin, deoxyribonucleic, ribonuclease, pepsinogen
buccal cavity:
salivary amylase, lingual lipase
Duodenum:
bile, pancreatic lipase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, chymotrypsinogen
The first sphincter of the digestive system, called the __________muscle, surrounds the entrance to the oral cavity.
The ________ sphincter separates the pharynx from the esophagus and regulates the passage of food into the esophagus.
At the terminal end of the esophagus is the _________ sphincter, which subconsciously controls the entrance of food into the stomach.
The _________ sphincter regulates the movement of food from the stomach to the small intestine.
The junction of the small and large intestines is marked by a pronounced muscular swelling known as the _________papilla, which regulates movement into the large intestine.
The involuntary control ___________ sphincter is composed of smooth muscle that relaxes at the onset of defecation.
The final step in allowing defecation is voluntary relaxation of the ________sphincter, which is composed of skeletal muscle.
Explanation
options, ileal
pyloric
eternal anal
orbicular oris,
lower esophageal
lower esophageal
internal anal
The first sphincter of the digestive system, called the —orbicularis oris- muscle, surrounds the entrance to the oral cavity.
The -upper esophageal- sphincter separates the pharynx from the esophagus and regulates the passage of food into the esophagus.
At the terminal end of the esophagus is the - lower esophageal -sphincter, which subconsciously controls the entrance of food into the stomach.
The -pyloric- sphincter regulates the movement of food from the stomach to the small intestine.
The junction of the small and large intestines is marked by a pronounced muscular swelling known as the -ileal- papilla, which regulates movement into the large intestine.
The involuntarily controlled -internal anal -sphincter is composed of smooth muscle that relaxes at the onset of defecation.
The final step in allowing defecation is voluntary relaxation of the -external anal - sphincter, which is composed of skeletal m
Secrete mucus and predominate in the cardiac part and pylorus
_________
Divide rapidly and provide a continuous supply of new cells
__________
Secrete hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and ghrelin
__________
Secrete the digestive enzymes gastric lipase and -_______pepsinogen
Secrete hormones and paracrine messengers
___________
-Mucous cells -
Parietal cells
-Regenerative cells -
-Enteroendocrine cells -
-Chief cells-
Secrete mucus and predominate in the cardiac part and pylorus
-Mucous cells -
Divide rapidly and provide a continuous supply of new cells
-Regenerative cells -
Secrete hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and ghrelin
Parietal cells
Secrete the digestive enzymes gastric lipase and pepsinogen
-Chief cells-
Secrete hormones and paracrine messengers
-Enteroendocrine cells -
A______- an inactive or pro-enzyme that is only activated after it has been secreted and had some of its amino acids cleaved.
The chief cells of the stomach secrete _____into the stomach lumen; which in the presence of HCl becomes______ Correct, the active form of the enzyme.
The pancreas produces a number of zymogens that are released in the GI tract at the duodenum including procarboxypeptidase, ________ and trypsinogen.
After contacting the intestinal enzyme enteropeptidase, ______converted into _______
Trypsin then works on converting both chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase into _______and carboxypeptidase, respectively.
chymotrypsin
pepsin
zymogen
trypsinogen
trypsin
pepsinogen
chymotrypsinogen
A -zymogen-is an inactive or pro-enzyme that is only activated after it has been secreted and had some of its amino acids cleaved.
The chief cells of the stomach secrete -pepsinogen -into the stomach lumen; which in the presence of HCl becomes -pepsin- , the active form of the enzyme.
The pancreas produces a number of zymogens that are released in the GI tract at the duodenum including procarboxypeptidase, -chymotrypsinogen- , and trypsinogen.
After contacting the intestinal enzyme enteropeptidase,- trypsinogen- is converted into trypsin Correct.
Trypsin then works on converting both chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase into -chymotrypsin- and carboxypeptidase, respectively.
hydraulic acid (4)
pepsin(3)
gastric lipase (1)
intrinsic factor(2)
destroys most ingested pathogens
converts iron in an absorbable from
dysfunction could cause pernicious anemia
active from of zymogen
digest fat in the stomach
essential to the absorption of B12 vitamin
activates pepsin and lingual lipase
autocatalytic
digest proteins
breaks up connective tissue and cell walls of plants
hydraulic acid :
activates pepsin and lingual lipase
converts iron in an absorbable from
breaks up connective tissue and cell walls of plants
destroys most ingested pathogens
pepsin
active from of zymogen
digest proteins
autocatalytic
gastric lipase
digests fats in the stomach
intrinsic factor
dysfunction could cause pernicious anemia
essential to the absorption of B12 vitamin
In the gastric gland, ________ cells secrete pepsinogen.
In the gastric gland, parietal cells secrete ______.
HCl will remove some amino acids from pepsinogen and convert it into _________
Pepsin will then be used in a(n) _______manner to aid in the conversion of more pepsinogen.
The build up of pepsin will then _______
chief
autocatalytic
pepsin
HCl
digest proteins
In the gastric gland, -chief- cells secrete pepsinogen.
In the gastric gland, parietal cells secrete -HCl .-
HCl will remove some amino acids from pepsinogen and convert it into -pepsin-
Pepsin will then be used in a(n) -autocatalytic -manner to aid in the conversion of more pepsinogen.
The build up of pepsin will then -digest proteins -
When stimulated, the _________will secrete trypsinogen.
The duodenum, in turn, will secrete enteropeptidase, which will convert trypsinogen into ________
Trypsin will digest dietary _______and also catalyzes the conversion of more trypsinogen into trypsin.
Finally, trypsin will also activate two other pancreatic _______ called chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase.
zymogens
proteins
pancreas
trypsin
When stimulated, the -pancreas- will secrete trypsinogen.
The duodenum, in turn, will secrete enteropeptidase, which will convert trypsinogen into -trypsin- .
Trypsin will digest dietary -proteins- and also catalyzes the conversion of more trypsinogen into trypsin.
Finally, trypsin will also activate two other pancreatic -zymogens -, called chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase.
large intestine 6- small intestine 3
duodenum
jejunum
descending colon
ascending colon
transverse colon
cecum
sigmoid colon
ilium
rectum
large intestine-
rectum
descending colon
ascending colon
transverse colon
cecum
sigmoid colon
small intestine-
duodenum
jejunum
ilium
The act of protein digestion begins in the mouth with ______digestion.
Once in the stomach, _______hydrolyzes peptide bonds.
Then, in the small intestine, trypsin, chymotrypsin and ______continue the breakdown of proteins.
The ___________of the small intestine will finish the breakdown and begin absorption.
mechanical
brush border
pepsin
carboxypeptidase
The act of protein digestion begins in the mouth with - mechanical- digestion.
Once in the stomach, -pepsin- hydrolyzes peptide bonds.
Then, in the small intestine, trypsin, chymotrypsin and -carboxypeptidase- continue the breakdown of proteins.
The brush border- of the small intestine will finish the breakdown and begin absorption.
The process of starch digestion begins in the ________with amylase.
Amylase digests starch first into ______, which are up to eight glucose residues long.
Oligosaccharides are then catabolized into ______, a disaccharide.
Maltose is then converted into glucose which can be absorbed by the ______
small intestine
mouth
oligosaccharides
maltose
The process of starch digestion begins in the -mouth- with amylase.
Amylase digests starch first into -oligosaccharides -, which are up to eight glucose residues long.
Oligosaccharides are then catabolized into -maltose- a disaccharide.
Maltose is then converted into glucose which can be absorbed by the -small intestine- .
Breaks apart the final two amino acids resulting from a former protein
______
Takes off one amino acid from the -COOH side of a peptide chain
________
Takes off one amino acid from the amine side of a peptide chain
________
Brush-border enzyme that is vital to the digestion of breast milk
______
Acidophilic enzyme that cleaves all peptide bonds between tyrosine and phenylalanine
_____
Acidic compound that activates pepsinogen
____
HCI
pepsin
lactase
dipeptidase
carboxpeptidase
aminopeptidase
Breaks apart the final two amino acids resulting from a former protein
-Dipeptidase-
Takes off one amino acid from the -COOH side of a peptide chain
-Carboxypeptidase-
Takes off one amino acid from the amine side of a peptide chain
-Aminopeptidase-
Brush-border enzyme that is vital to the digestion of breast milk
-Lactase-
Acidophilic enzyme that cleaves all peptide bonds between tyrosine and phenylalanine
-Pepsin-
Acidic compound that activates pepsinogen
-HCl-
Carbohyadrate(3)
Lipid(3)
Protein(3)
pepsin
maltase
chymotripsin
gastirc lipase
carboxpeptidase
sucrase
salivary amalyase
pancreatic lipase
lingual lipase
carbohydrate:
maltase
salivary amalyase
sucrase
lipid
pancreatic lipase
gastirc lipase
lingual lipase
protein
carboxpeptidase
chymotripsin
pepsin
What is the straight muscular tube conveying food from pharynx to the stomach called?
Multiple Choice
A) Esophagus
B)Larynx
C)Duodenum
D)Trachea
E)Jejunum
esophogus
What is the outermost layer of the digestive tract wall?
A) Mucosa
B)Submucosa
C)Muscularis externa
D)Serosa
E)Endothelium
serosa
What are the microscopic structural subunits of the liver?
Multiple Choice
A)Hepatic lobules
B)Hepatic lobes
C)Hepatic sinusoids
D)Hepatic nephrons
E)Hepatic ductules
Hepatic lobules
Which organ is located behind the greater curvature of the stomach and acts as both an endocrine and exocrine gland?
A)Pancreas
B)Spleen
C)Liver
D)Duodenum
E)Kidney
Pancreas
What are the segments of the small intestine in the order through which food passes?
A)Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
B)Jejunum, duodenum, ileum
C)Duodenum, ileum, jejunum
D)Ileum, jejunum, duodenum
E)Jejunum, ileum, cecum
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Match each macromolecule below with the monomer(s) it is broken down into by chemical digestion.
Amino acids
Monosaccharides
Monoglycerides and fatty acids
Nucleotides
Monosaccharides
Amino acids
Monoglycerides and fatty acids
Nucleotides
Match each component of saliva with its appropriate function or characteristic.
Binds and lubricates the food bolus
Digests fat
Salts, phosphate, and bicarbonate
Kills bacteria
Antibacterial antibody
Digests starch
Digests starch
Digests fat
Binds and lubricates the food bolus
Antibacterial antibody
Salts, phosphate, and bicarbonate
Kills bacteria
Starting after it leaves the pyloris, place the following anatomical structures in order to identify the correct sequence that food would pass through the body.
Ascending colon
Descending colon
Jejunum
Cecum
Duodenum
Transverse colon
Ileum
rectum
Sigmoid colon
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
rectum
Place the following images into the order of neural control of deglutition they represent.
Peristalsis drives the bolus downward, and relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter admits it into the stomach.
The palate, tongue, vocal cords, and epiglottis block the oral and nasal cavities and airway while pharyngeal constrictors push the bolus into the esophagus.
The tongue forms a food bolus and pushes it in to the laryngopharynx.
- The tongue forms a food bolus and pushes it in to the laryngopharynx.
- The palate, tongue, vocal cords, and epiglottis block the oral and nasal cavities and airway while pharyngeal constrictors push the bolus into the esophagus.
- Peristalsis drives the bolus downward, and relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter admits it into the stomach.
The following anatomical features of the small intestine function to increase the surface area of the intestinal wall and maximize its capacity for absorption. Rank these structures 1 through 3 in order from largest to smallest.
Microvilli
Villi
Circular folds
- Circular folds
- Villi
- Microvilli
Which of the following hormones does not inhibit gastric gland secretions?
Secretin
Gastrin
Gastric inhibitory peptide
Cholecystokinin
Secretin and cholecystokinin
Gastrin
Which of the following occurs during the gastric phase of gastric secretion?
A)Gastrin secretion begins.
B)The secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsin is stimulated.
C)Gastric secretion and motility is stimulated in response to food increasing the pH of the stomach’s contents.
D)All of these take place in the gastric phase.
E)None of these take place in the gastric phase.
D)All of these take place in the gastric phase.
Hydrochloric acid is formed when _________blank.
A)hydrogen ions and chloride ions join in the parietal cell cytoplasm
B)hydrogen ions and chloride ions join in the parietal cell nucleus
C)hydrogen ions and chloride ions join in the stomach lumen
D)hydrogen ions and chloride ions join in the duct of the gastric gland
E)hydrogen ions are cotransported with potassium ions in exchange for chloride ions
D)hydrogen ions and chloride ions join in the duct of the gastric gland
Gastric secretion begins during the _________blank phase and ends during the _________blank phase.
A)Multiple Choice
B)cephalic; gastric
C)cephalic; intestinal
D)gastric; cephalic
E)gastric; intestinal
F)intestinal; gastric
C)cephalic; intestinal
Which of the following enzymes is produced by the stomach?
A)Insulin
B)Secretin
C)Trypsin
D)Pepsin
E)Chymotrypsin
D)Pepsin
Which of the following statements is true regarding the swallowing reflex?
A) The oral phase is voluntary, and the phayngoesophageal phase is involuntary.
B)The integrating center of the reflex is in the pons.
C)Four different cranial nerves carry the motor impulses of the reflex.
D)The oral phase is involuntary, and the phayngoesophageal phase is voluntary.
E)The vagus nerve is the only nerve that contributes to the reflex.
A) The oral phase is voluntary, and the phayngoesophageal phase is involuntary.
C)Four different cranial nerves carry the motor impulses of the reflex.
D)The oral phase is involuntary, and the phayngoesophageal phase is voluntary.
E)The vagus nerve is the only nerve that contributes to the reflex.
Primary Sex Organs (2)
Secondary Sex Organs (3)
Secondary Sex Characteristic
enlarged breast
beard
produce sperm
deep voice
uterus
produce ova
deliver sperm to the female copulatory organ
allow for travel of the ovum to the uterus
Primary Sex Organ
produce sperm
produce ova
Secondary Sex Organ
uterus
allow for travel of the ovum to the uterus
deliver sperm to the female copulatory organ
Secondary Sex Characteristic
enlarged breast
beard
deep voice
Complete each sentence describing the male reproductive secretions using one of the choices provided.
1. The secretions of the male reproductive tract originate in the ________, where _____- cells are produced.
2. The fluid from the seminal _______ joins the sperm from the _____at the ejaculatory duct.
3. The second largest producer of seminal volume, the _____ gland, surrounds the urethra and the ejaculatory duct.
4. Contributing about 5% of the overall seminal volume, the ________glands are involved with pre-ejaculatory secretions for lubrication and preparation of the urethra for the passage of semen.
sperm
prostate
seminal vesicles
bulbourethral
testes
ductus deferens
T he secretions of the male reproductive tract originate in the -testes -, where -sperm- cells are produced.
The fluid from the -seminal vesicles- joins the sperm from the -ductus deferens- at the ejaculatory duct.
The second largest producer of seminal volume, the —prostate- gland, surrounds the urethra and the ejaculatory duct.
Contributing about 5% of the overall seminal volume, the -bulbourethral- glands are involved with pre-ejaculatory secretions for lubrication and preparation of the urethra for the passage of semen.
_______from the hypothalamus stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH.
_______stimulates the secretion of androgen-binding protein.
______stimulates testosterone secretion.
______ , in the presence of ABP, stimulates spermatogenesis.
Testosterone stimulates the development of a -________ and chest hair.
______ prevents FSH from stimulating further spermatogenesis.
GnRH
-Testosterone-
-FSH-
-Inhibin-
-beard-
-LH-
-GnRH-from the hypothalamus stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH.
-FSH- stimulates the secretion of androgen-binding protein.
-LH- stimulates testosterone secretion.
-Testosterone- , in the presence of ABP, stimulates spermatogenesis.
Testosterone stimulates the development of a -beard- and chest hair.
-Inhibin- prevents FSH from stimulating further spermatogenesis.
After around age 40, a male’s ______levels decline slowly about 1% a year.
Due to the decline in testosterone levels, the ______ also declines.
While fertility may decrease due to a decreased number of sperm, there is also an increase in the frequency of _______
Occuring in 50% of men over the age of 80, _________ makes it difficult to engage in sexual intercourse.
erectile dysfunction
sperm count
testeserone
mutations
After around age 40, a male’s -testosterone- levels decline slowly about 1% a year.
Due to the decline in testosterone levels, the -sperm count- also declines.
While fertility may decrease due to a decreased number of sperm, there is also an increase in the frequency of -mutations- .
Occuring in 50% of men over the age of 80, -erectile dysfunction- makes it difficult to engage in sexual intercourse.
Complete each sentence describing a spermatozoon using one of the choices provided.
- The ________ contains enzymes that penetrate the egg for fertilization.
- The haploid _______contains the sperm’s DNA which it intends to donate to a zygote.
- The _______ is full of mitochondria that synthesize ATP, so the sperm cell can swim.
- The _______ of the tail contains an axoneme and supporting fibers.
- The _____-of the tail is the most distal portion of the flagellum.
midpiece
acrosome
endpiece
principle piece
nucleus
- The -acrosome- contains enzymes that penetrate the egg for fertilization.
- The haploid -nucleus- contains the sperm’s DNA which it intends to donate to a zygote.
- The -midpiece- is full of mitochondria that synthesize ATP, so the sperm cell can swim.
- The -principal piece- of the tail contains an axoneme and supporting fibers.
- The -endpiece- of the tail is the most distal portion of the flagellum.
Excitment
Orgasm Emission
Orgasm Explosion
Resolution
- the internal urethra sphincter contracts
- sperms are moved via mucle contractions from the ductus derferns to the ampulla to the urethra
- blood is squeezed from the erectile tissue as the trabecular muscle contracts
- the internal pudendal artery constricts
- the bulb and root of penis are rhythmically compressed
- the porstate begins to secret components of seminal fluids
- bulbourethral fluid is secreted by the bulbourethral glands
- the deep artery dialates
Excitement:
7. bulbourethral fluid is secreted by the bulbourethral glands
8. the deep artery dialates
Orgasm Emission
2. sperms are moved via mucle contractions from the ductus derferns to the ampulla to the urethra
6. the porstate begins to secret components of seminal fluids
Orgasm Explosion
- the internal urethra sphincter contracts
- the bulb and root of penis are rhythmically compressed
Resolution
4. the internal pudendal artery constricts
3. blood is squeezed from the erectile tissue as the trabecular muscle contracts
Duct
Acessory Gland
vas deferns
ejaculatory duct
prostate
seminal vesicle
epididymis
bulbourethral gland
Duct
vas deferns
ejaculatory duct
epididymis
Accessory gland
prostate
seminal vesicle
bulbourethral gland
In humans, when do the secondary sexual characteristics first appear?
A)At puberty
B)At birth
C)After reproduction
D)At climactic
E)At detumescence
A)Puberty
The _________blank cell carries the chromosome that determines the sex of the zygote.
A)egg
B)sperm
C)female gamete
D)autosomal
E)interstitial endocrine
B)sperm
What is the region between the thighs bordered by the coccyx, pubic symphysis, and ischial tuberosities called?
A)Perineum
B)Groin
C)Pelvis
D)Peritoneum
E)Trigone
A)Perineum
What is the erectile column of the penis that passes along the ventral side and encloses the penile urethra?
A)Corpus spongiosum
B)Corpus cavernosum
C)Tunica albuginea
D)Tunica vaginalis
E)Penile urethra
A)Corpus spongiosum
Which structure receives sperm from the efferent ductules and sends it on to the vas deferens?
A)Epididymis
B)Rete testis
C)Seminiferous tubule
D)Ampulla
E)Prostate
A)Epididymis
What do interstitial endocrine cells produce?
A)Testosterone
B)Sperm
C)Luteinizing hormone
D)Follicle stimulating hormone
E)Gonadotropin releasing hormone
A)Testosterone
Where is gonadotropin-releasing hormone produced?
A)Hypothalamus
B)Thymus
C)Pineal gland
D)Anterior pituitary gland
E)Testis
A)Hypothalamus
The decrease in reproductive function, resulting in a decrease in testosterone and inhibin secretion, is called _________blank.
A)capacitation
B)menopause
C)atresia
D)male climacteric
D)male climacteric
What is the process of sperm production called?
A)Spermatogenesis
B)Spermiogenesis
C)Spermagenesis
D)Spermatogoniosis
E)Spermatozoosis
A)Spermatogenesis
What is the term for a mature sperm cell?
A)Spermatozoon
B)Spermatogonium
C)Primordial cell
D)Primary spermatocyte
E)Secondary spermatocyte
A)Spermatozoon
Which of the following anatomical structures is/are part of the tract within which sperm travels from the testis to outside of the body?
Efferent ductules
Ductus deferens
Bulbourethral gland
Prostatic urethra
Seminal vesicle
Efferent ductules
Ductus deferens
Bulbourethral gland
Prostatic urethra
Seminal vesicle
Match each male reproductive anatomical structure with its homologous female reproductive anatomical structure.
Clitoris
Labia majora
Ovaries
Glans of penis
Scrotum
Testes
Clitoris-Glans of penis
Labia majora- Scrotum
Ovaries- testes
Spermatogenesis occurs in the _________blank.
A)epididymis
B)seminiferous tubules
C)prostate
D)vas deferens
E)seminal vesicle
B)seminiferous tubules
Female-
Male-
Both
Urethra
prostate
prepuce
seminiferous tubules
hymen
testes
ductus defern
ovaries
cervis
vestibular glands
female
ovaries
cervis
vestibular glands
hymen
male-
ductus defern
seminiferous tubules
testes
prostate
both-
prepuce
Urethra
Before Ovulation vs After Ovulation
fertilization
constriction of spiral arteries
proliferative phase
rapidly rising estrogen
menses
secretory phase
progesterone peak
rapidly rising FSH
Rapidly rising LH
Rapidly declining gonadotropins
Before Ovualtion:
proliferative phase
rapidly rising estrogen
menses
rapidly rising FSH
Rapidly rising LH
After Ovulation
fertilization
Rapidly declining gonadotropins
secretory phase
constriction of spiral arteries
progesterone peak
Secretions of the female reproductive system mostly serve to ________ the reproductive organs involved with intercourse.
The mucosa located on the wall of the vagina produces a serous fluid called vaginal ______
The ________ are similar to the bulbourethral glands of the male and deposit fluids into the vestibule and the labia minus.
Additional _______ are located more anteriorly and secrete fluids onto the vestibule near the clitoris.
lubricate
greater vestibular glands
-paraurethral glands
-transudate.-
Secretions of the female reproductive system mostly serve to -lubricate- the reproductive organs involved with intercourse.
The mucosa located on the wall of the vagina produces a serous fluid called vaginal -transudate.-
The -greater vestibular glands- are similar to the bulbourethral glands of the male and deposit fluids into the vestibule and the labia minus.
Additional -paraurethral glands- are located more anteriorly and secrete fluids onto the vestibule near the clitoris.
The hypothalamus secretes ______ , resulting in secretion of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland.
FSH in females circulates to the _______ where it induces folliculogenesis.
As a result, granulosa cells within a developing follicle secrete ______.
Rising levels of this hormone then induce the _______phase of the menstrual cycle.
A spike in ______ then causes ovulation, after which the remaining follicle cells form a corpus luteum.
The corpus luteum then secretes_______which moves the uterus into its last stage before menses
GnRH
estrogen
ovaries
LH
progesterone
proliferative
The hypothalamus secretes -GnRH- , resulting in secretion of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland.
FSH in females circulates to the -ovaries- where it induces folliculogenesis.
As a result, granulosa cells within a developing follicle secrete -estrogen- .
Rising levels of this hormone then induce the
-proliferative- phase of the menstrual cycle.
A spike in -LH- then causes ovulation, after which the remaining follicle cells form a corpus luteum.
The corpus luteum then secretes -progesterone-, which moves the uterus into its last stage before menses
The earliest noticeable sign of puberty is ________the onset of breast development.
This is soon followed by _________, the appearance of pubic and axillary hair, sebaceous glands, and axillary glands.
The very first menstrual bleeding is termed ______
A midlife change when hormone secretion begins to wane is called the ________
This leads to the permanent cessation of menstrual cycles called ___________
menarche
pubarch
thelarcge
menopause
climacteric
The earliest noticeable sign of puberty is -thelarche -, the onset of breast development.
This is soon followed by -pubarche -, the appearance of pubic and axillary hair, sebaceous glands, and axillary glands.
The very first menstrual bleeding is termed
-menarche- .
A midlife change when hormone secretion begins to wane is called the -climacteric .-
This leads to the permanent cessation of menstrual cycles called -menopause -.
A female is born with approximately- ______-million eggs, each within its own follicle.
When there are about 1,000 follicles left, ________ begins.
The remaining follicles secrete less estrogen and -________
The uterus, vagina, and breasts then begin to
_________
Sudden vasodilation of cutaneous arteries may cause _________
hot flashes-
2 -
-atrophy -.
progesterone- .
-climacteric
A female is born with approximately- 2 -million eggs, each within its own follicle.
When there are about 1,000 follicles left, -climacteric- begins.
The remaining follicles secrete less estrogen and -progesterone- .
The uterus, vagina, and breasts then begin to
-atrophy -.
Sudden vasodilation of cutaneous arteries may cause -hot flashes-
Oogenesis begins before a girl is born with the formation of _____ from germ cells.
Oogonia multiply until the fifth month after birth. Within six months each will transform into a ________
Most of these will degenerate through a process called _____
In adolescence, FSH stimulates primary oocytes to complete meiosis I, resulting in a polar body and a
_________
If the secondary oocyte is ovulated and fertilized, it will undergo _______ and begin embryonic development
-meiosis II-
-secondary oocyte .-
-oogonia-
-atresia- .
-primary oocyte- .
Oogenesis begins before a girl is born with the formation of -oogonia- from germ cells.
Oogonia multiply until the fifth month after birth. Within six months each will transform into a -primary oocyte- .
Most of these will degenerate through a process called -atresia- .
In adolescence, FSH stimulates primary oocytes to complete meiosis I, resulting in a polar body and a
-secondary oocyte .-
If the secondary oocyte is ovulated and fertilized, it will undergo -meiosis II- and begin embryonic development
- onset of the premenstrual phase
- progesterone spike of the secretory phase
- estradiol phase
- the onset of menstruation
- end of proliferative phase
the formation of corpus ambitions
FSH spikes in the follicular phase
ovulation in the ovarian cycle
LH spike of ovarian cycle
the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
- onset of the premenstrual phase-
the formation of corpus ambitions - progesterone spike of the secretory phase-the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
- estradiol phase-the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
- the onset of menstruation- FSH spikes in the follicular phase
- end of proliferative phase- ovulation in the ovarian cycle
GnRH
Inhibin
Estrogen
LH
FHS
progesterone
Selectivley supresses FSH secretion
stimulates feminizing effects associated with female puberty
stimulates ovulation
stimulates the development of ovarian follicles
prepares the uterus for a possible pregnancy
stimulates the antier pituatary gland to secrete LH and FSH
GnRH- stimulates the antier pituatary gland to secrete LH
Inhibin- Selectivley supresses FSH secretion
Estrogen- stimulates feminizing effects associated with female puberty
LH- stimulates ovulation
FHS- stimulates the development of ovarian follicles
progesterone-prepares the uterus for a possible pregnancy
Resolution
Excitment
orgasm
Plateau
The uterus becomes nearly vertical, called the
“tenting effect”.
The labia majora become reddened and enlarged, flatten, and spread away from the vaginal orifice.
The orgasmic platform relaxes while the inner end of the vagina returns to its
normal dimensions.
The uterus exhibits peristaltic
contractions that may help draw semen from the vagina.
Resolution - The orgasmic platform relaxes while the inner end of the vagina returns to its
normal dimensions.
Excitement - The labia majora become reddened and enlarged, flatten, and spread away from the vaginal orifice.
orgasm - The uterus exhibits peristaltic
contractions that may help draw semen from the vagina.
Plateau-
The uterus becomes nearly vertical, called the
“tenting effect”.
If a woman has gone a year or more without having had her period, she is said to have gone through _________
A)menopause
B)climacteric
C)menarche
D)pubarche
E)thelarche
A)menopause
Which term refers to the feathery, finger-like projections at the distal end of the uterine tube?
A)Mesosalpinx
B)Fimbriae
C)Ampulla
D)Isthmus
B)Fimbriae
Which of the following are present in puberty in females?
The onset of breast developmentThe onset of breast development
Appearance of facial hairAppearance of facial hair
Appearance of axillary hairAppearance of axillary hair Correct
MenarcheMenarche
Menopause
The onset of breast developmentThe onset of breast development
Appearance of facial hairAppearance of facial hair
Appearance of axillary hairAppearance of axillary hair Correct
MenarcheMenarche
Menopause
Which of the following organs are part of the external female genitalia?
Ovaries
Vagina
Clitoris
Labia minora
Labia majora
Ovaries
Vagina
Clitoris
Labia minora
Labia majora
Which phases of the menstrual cycle occur during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
Menstrual phase
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Premenstrual phase
Menstrual phase
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Premenstrual phase
Match each stage of folliculogenesis to its description.
Primary follicle
Primordial follicle
Tertiary follicle
Secondary follicle
Mature follicle
An oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal cells
An oocyte surrounded by two or more layers of granulosa cells
This is the follicle that undergoes ovulation. It grows to 30 mm in size, and the oocyte and cumulus break away and float freely in the antrum.
An oocyte surrounded by a layer of flattened epithelial cells
The follicle now contains a single large, fluid-filled cavity called the antrum. A mound of granulosa cells, called the cumulus oophorus, covers the oocyte and secures it to the follicle wall.
Primary follicle- An oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal cells
Primordial follicle- An oocyte surrounded by a layer of flattened epithelial cells
Tertiary follicle- The follicle now contains a single large, fluid-filled cavity called the antrum. A mound of granulosa cells, called the cumulus oophorus, covers the oocyte and secures it to the follicle wall.
Secondary follicle- An oocyte surrounded by two or more layers of granulosa cells
Mature follicle- This is the follicle that undergoes ovulation. It grows to 30 mm in size, and the oocyte and cumulus break away and float freely in the antrum.
Place the following structures in the order that they carry an unfertilized ovum from production to the body’s exterior.
Infundibulum
Vagina
Isthmus
Opening of cervix
Body
Vaginal orifice
Ovary
Cervical canal
Fundus
Ampulla
Ovary
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
Fundus
Body
Cervical canal
Opening of cervix
Vagina
Corpus
Cervix
Fundus
Broad superior curvature; the “top” of the uterus
Main body of the uterus
Cylindrical inferior end
Corpus- Main body of the uterus
Cervix- Cylindrical inferior end
Fundus-Broad superior curvature; the “top” of the uterus
Rank each of the following uterine changes associated with the menstrual cycle in chronological order using #1 to identify the earliest event.
Due to a degeneration of the corpus luteum, the lack of progesterone causes the endometrium to begin to degenerate.
The endometrium thickens due to secretion and fluid accumulation.
The endometrium thickens due to secretion and fluid accumulation.
The endometrium begins to thicken due to rapid cell division.
Menstrual fluid in the uterus accumulates and is discharged.
Menstrual fluid in the uterus accumulates and is discharged.
The endometrium begins to thicken due to rapid cell division
The endometrium thickens due to secretion and fluid accumulation.
Due to a degeneration of the corpus luteum, the lack of progesterone causes the endometrium to begin to degenerate
Place the phases of the menstrual cycle in the order that they occur from day 1 to day 28 of the cycle.
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Menstrual phase
Premenstrual phase
Menstrual phase
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Premenstrual phase
