exam 4-general info

Question 1

There are three types of Reparations:

Answer 1

1. Restitution: designed to re-establish the situation which would have existed if the wrongful act had not occurred. This may be done by revocation of the unlawful act, return property wrongfully removed or abstain from further wrongful conduct.
2. Indemnity: Monetary compensation to wipe out all the consequences of the illegal act.
3. Satisfaction: Involve making official regrets and apologies, and punishing guilty minor officials, and a formal declaration of the unlawful nature of the act.

Question 2

A state may enforce judgement against a defaulting state by:

Answer 2

1. Execution against assets of the non-complying state
2. Execution through domestic courts of state in which funds of judgement debt are located.
3. Through enforcement provisions in multilateral treaties.
4. Establish a fund payments of award as in the case of the Algiers Accords between the US and Iran for arbitration of claims of their nationals.

Question 3

Acts of De Jure Agents:

Answer 3

A state is responsible for injury to the person or property of an alien only if the offensive act is attributable to the state.
-Private persons employed by a state to abduct a person from the territory of another state can attribute their conduct to the employer-state.

Question 4

Defacto Agents- Defacto:

Answer 4

Agency occurs where individuals act in parallel ways to official institutions and the government does nothing to discourage them.
-Iranian revolutionary guards.

Question 5

Objectives of UN Sanctions:

Answer 5

1. Conflict Resolution
2. Non-Proliferation (of weapons)
3. Counter Terrorism
4. Democratisation
5. Protect Civilians

Question 6

There are 5 Types of UN Targeted Sanctions:

Answer 6

1. Diplomatic Sanctions
2. Arms Embargoes
3. Commodity Interdiction
4. Travel Bans
5. Asset Freezes