Exam 4/Final Exam Flashcards
pre-industrial foundations
change from hunters-gathers to farmers.
fire to process food and clear land
grindstone to produce grain
improvement of early tools to kill animals
transition to Long-fallow agriculture
sowing seeds on cleared-burnt land
domestications of animals
involved technical and demographic chanes
agricultural hearth areas must haves
plentiful natural food supplies (freedom to experiments without fear of hunger
diversity of species to provide lots of genes and hybridization
no need to drain or irrigate land
natural vegetation with mainly woodland in hilly areas (easier to open farmland and hilly areas have natural drainage
population where economy and technology are more towards hunting and gathering and familiar with plants
non-moving population, to make protect growing crops
peasant agriculture
small farms, commercial farms or sharecropping (gives part of crops to landowner in return for right to farm, have a place to live. peasant then sells his share to pay for debts/income)
subsistence agriculture
grow enough to feed your family
tenancy
peasant pays rent in cash and owns own tools and has to pay or borrow for seeds and stuff
shifting or slash and burn agriculture
tropical areas. shift fields every 5-7 years in a rotation. field (milpa) slashed with ax or knife then burned to clear land. crops grown until soil fertility is gone then rotates to nearby, completed in 20-30
characteristics of plantations
large amount of land, bigger than family farms
division of labor and management, laborers live on property
crop specialization for outside markets, shipped before maturity
tropical or semi-tropical climate
settlement reflects large input of cultivating power per unit of land area
transportation links for export
Von Thunen’s model for isolated states
isolated state: no connection to the world
one market in center of state
uniform environment
farmers live same distance from market and have equal access to it (lower transport cost, invest more into labor, equipment, and supplies)
farmers are rational, economic people that produce products for market
livestock revolution
as income rises, people move to cities and consume more meat and dairy, demand driven=more production=more economic growth. results in transformation in under-developed countries
industrial geography
study of the location of industry on the human landscape. branch of economic geography. concerned with both activities and where primary products are manufactured into finished by products by secondary products
economic geography
concerned with the diverse ways people earn a living, how goods and services they produce are expressed and organized spatially
primary activities
agriculture, mining, forestry, taking raw materials or harvesting products, renewable and non-renewable resources
secondary activities
industry. manufacturing of products of primary activities
deindustrialization
decline in manufacturing in places that used to be center of manufacturing. due to old and less efficient plants and high labor costs. old industrial places
new industrial places
new industries of advanced capitalism creates these
technopoles
technology oriented complexes of planned development within a concentrated area (Silicon Valley, research triangle)
industrial revolution
1750-1820: series of changes, revolutions, and innovations. transformed how goods are produced for society and how people get food, clothing, and shelter. before, most things were made at home
diffusion of industrial revolution
first wave: Northern England with proto-industrialization
second wave: western Europe, Belgium, france, germany with iron and steel
third wave: Netherlands, Russia, Northern Italy, Southern Scandinavia with steel and iron
north American industrialization
developed first in northeast and into core manufacturing belt because of natural resources, growing market and labor force, research and innovation, increased efficiency in agriculture and growing population
political/economic factors of industrialization in America
regional and economic integration, America’s region traded with each other
American and british invested in America
growth of government employment and government spending on improvements
megalopolis
urban-industrial and suburban concentration of people along northeast coast. developed iron and steel that fueled revolution
economic factors to explain industrial location
transport costs
labor costs
agglomeration economies: savings made by being at a fixed location and producing stuff
regional factors that influence cost of production
cost of raw materials
cost of transporting the raw materials
cost of labor
localized materials
materials only in certain locations, depends on amount of weight lost from materials during production. no lost material=pure material
ubiquitous materials
materials found everywhere=sand, air, water
central place theory
unbound plain with equal soil fertility
equal distribution of resources
uniform transportation networks
even distribution of population
even distribution of purchasing power
consumers visit nearest central place that provides demand
central place exist to provide goods and services
providers of function are rational economic people who want to space themselves apart from competitors and have access to largest possible market
central place
place where goods and services are purchased
range
how far people will travel for a good or service
threshold
market area required for good, physical area enclosing the number of people required for good/service to make a profit
hinterland
area around a central place where people use the goods and services provided
frictional effect
demand for good/service declines with distance
low order place
have gas stations, grocery stores, provide few functions (wheeler)
high order place
many functions: art dealers, car dealers (Eau Claire) same services as low order but moree
hierarchy of central places
top: large cities which are regional metropolises
bottom: small villages
higher you go: able to purchase more goods/services
urban geography
study of urban landscape created by people. study of how people modify their physical environment in an urban landscape. spatial interpretation of city-centered population concentrations that have high density buildup
urbanization
process of people clustering in towns and cities.
cities expanding and absorbing the surrounding area (Sprawl)
requirements for urban hearth area to have urbanism
ample natural resources
surplus of agriculture
social system for distribution of food and organization of society
hydraulic civilization theory (rise of cities)
development of irrigation systems made more crops and increased population. needed military and technical people
religious theories (rise of cities)
cities rose as places of religious leadership. priests were needed to predict climate, pray for good harvest and weather. no scientific knowledge, needed gods
political theories (rise of cities)
cities rose as early places of political and military leadership. place for kings and military peeps to oversee and protect land and people
trade (rise of cities)
cities grew as places for early trade and commerce and provision of services
situation
regional setting, relationship to other cities, transportation routes, trade, defense
24 hour cities
cbd functions and residence integrated, linked by mass transit
stadium, arena, event construction
sport arenas and other venues serve as a magnet. provides jobs and revitalize cbds
resources
all substance of the biological and physical environment that has to meet a need and have value
reserves
quantities of a resource that are known and available for economic unfair gain with current technology and price
projected reserves
estimates of quantity that are likely to be added to reserves because of discoveries and changes in price and technology
flow resources
water and sunlight
stock resources
soil, forests, and animals
mal-distribution is a problem
food goes to those with money food as weapon with civil unrest bad transport and storage environmental decline (desertification) governmental policies (can depress food production) unequal land ownership, poor equipment pests and weeds
food problem/famine causes
low development, political unrest, unequal distribution of wealth and resources, soil erosion and deforestation
food security in LDCs
food aid: direct food to problem counties, supports research on drought, and pest resistant seeds
infrastructure: aid programs to maintain and build road and storage
food programs at school
food safety: prevent spoilage and spread of diseases.
