Exam 4/Final Exam

Question 1

pre-industrial foundations

Answer 1

change from hunters-gathers to farmers.
fire to process food and clear land
grindstone to produce grain
improvement of early tools to kill animals

Question 2

transition to Long-fallow agriculture

Answer 2

sowing seeds on cleared-burnt land

Question 3

domestications of animals

Answer 3

involved technical and demographic chanes

Question 4

agricultural hearth areas must haves

Answer 4

plentiful natural food supplies (freedom to experiments without fear of hunger
diversity of species to provide lots of genes and hybridization
no need to drain or irrigate land
natural vegetation with mainly woodland in hilly areas (easier to open farmland and hilly areas have natural drainage
population where economy and technology are more towards hunting and gathering and familiar with plants
non-moving population, to make protect growing crops

Question 5

peasant agriculture

Answer 5

small farms, commercial farms or sharecropping (gives part of crops to landowner in return for right to farm, have a place to live. peasant then sells his share to pay for debts/income)

Question 6

subsistence agriculture

Answer 6

grow enough to feed your family

Question 7

tenancy

Answer 7

peasant pays rent in cash and owns own tools and has to pay or borrow for seeds and stuff

Question 8

shifting or slash and burn agriculture

Answer 8

tropical areas. shift fields every 5-7 years in a rotation. field (milpa) slashed with ax or knife then burned to clear land. crops grown until soil fertility is gone then rotates to nearby, completed in 20-30

Question 9

characteristics of plantations

Answer 9

large amount of land, bigger than family farms
division of labor and management, laborers live on property
crop specialization for outside markets, shipped before maturity
tropical or semi-tropical climate
settlement reflects large input of cultivating power per unit of land area
transportation links for export

Question 10

Von Thunen’s model for isolated states

Answer 10

isolated state: no connection to the world
one market in center of state
uniform environment
farmers live same distance from market and have equal access to it (lower transport cost, invest more into labor, equipment, and supplies)
farmers are rational, economic people that produce products for market

Question 11

livestock revolution

Answer 11

as income rises, people move to cities and consume more meat and dairy, demand driven=more production=more economic growth. results in transformation in under-developed countries

Question 12

industrial geography

Answer 12

study of the location of industry on the human landscape. branch of economic geography. concerned with both activities and where primary products are manufactured into finished by products by secondary products

Question 13

economic geography

Answer 13

concerned with the diverse ways people earn a living, how goods and services they produce are expressed and organized spatially

Question 14

primary activities

Answer 14

agriculture, mining, forestry, taking raw materials or harvesting products, renewable and non-renewable resources

Question 15

secondary activities

Answer 15

industry. manufacturing of products of primary activities

Question 16

deindustrialization

Answer 16

decline in manufacturing in places that used to be center of manufacturing. due to old and less efficient plants and high labor costs. old industrial places

Question 17

new industrial places

Answer 17

new industries of advanced capitalism creates these

Question 18

technopoles

Answer 18

technology oriented complexes of planned development within a concentrated area (Silicon Valley, research triangle)

Question 19

industrial revolution

Answer 19

1750-1820: series of changes, revolutions, and innovations. transformed how goods are produced for society and how people get food, clothing, and shelter. before, most things were made at home

Question 20

diffusion of industrial revolution

Answer 20

first wave: Northern England with proto-industrialization
second wave: western Europe, Belgium, france, germany with iron and steel
third wave: Netherlands, Russia, Northern Italy, Southern Scandinavia with steel and iron

Question 21

north American industrialization

Answer 21

developed first in northeast and into core manufacturing belt because of natural resources, growing market and labor force, research and innovation, increased efficiency in agriculture and growing population

Question 22

political/economic factors of industrialization in America

Answer 22

regional and economic integration, America’s region traded with each other
American and british invested in America
growth of government employment and government spending on improvements

Question 23

megalopolis

Answer 23

urban-industrial and suburban concentration of people along northeast coast. developed iron and steel that fueled revolution

Question 24

economic factors to explain industrial location

Answer 24

transport costs
labor costs
agglomeration economies: savings made by being at a fixed location and producing stuff

Question 25

regional factors that influence cost of production

Answer 25

cost of raw materials cost of transporting the raw materials cost of labor

Question 26

localized materials

Answer 26

materials only in certain locations, depends on amount of weight lost from materials during production. no lost material=pure material

Question 27

ubiquitous materials

Answer 27

materials found everywhere=sand, air, water

Question 28

central place theory

Answer 28

unbound plain with equal soil fertility equal distribution of resources uniform transportation networks even distribution of population even distribution of purchasing power consumers visit nearest central place that provides demand central place exist to provide goods and services providers of function are rational economic people who want to space themselves apart from competitors and have access to largest possible market

Question 29

central place

Answer 29

place where goods and services are purchased

Question 30

range

Answer 30

how far people will travel for a good or service

Question 31

threshold

Answer 31

market area required for good, physical area enclosing the number of people required for good/service to make a profit

Question 32

hinterland

Answer 32

area around a central place where people use the goods and services provided

Question 33

frictional effect

Answer 33

demand for good/service declines with distance

Question 34

low order place

Answer 34

have gas stations, grocery stores, provide few functions (wheeler)

Question 35

high order place

Answer 35

many functions: art dealers, car dealers (Eau Claire) same services as low order but moree

Question 36

hierarchy of central places

Answer 36

top: large cities which are regional metropolises bottom: small villages higher you go: able to purchase more goods/services

Question 37

urban geography

Answer 37

study of urban landscape created by people. study of how people modify their physical environment in an urban landscape. spatial interpretation of city-centered population concentrations that have high density buildup

Question 38

urbanization

Answer 38

process of people clustering in towns and cities. | cities expanding and absorbing the surrounding area (Sprawl)

Question 39

requirements for urban hearth area to have urbanism

Answer 39

ample natural resources surplus of agriculture social system for distribution of food and organization of society

Question 40

hydraulic civilization theory (rise of cities)

Answer 40

development of irrigation systems made more crops and increased population. needed military and technical people

Question 41

religious theories (rise of cities)

Answer 41

cities rose as places of religious leadership. priests were needed to predict climate, pray for good harvest and weather. no scientific knowledge, needed gods

Question 42

political theories (rise of cities)

Answer 42

cities rose as early places of political and military leadership. place for kings and military peeps to oversee and protect land and people

Question 43

trade (rise of cities)

Answer 43

cities grew as places for early trade and commerce and provision of services

Question 44

situation

Answer 44

regional setting, relationship to other cities, transportation routes, trade, defense

Question 45

24 hour cities

Answer 45

cbd functions and residence integrated, linked by mass transit

Question 46

stadium, arena, event construction

Answer 46

sport arenas and other venues serve as a magnet. provides jobs and revitalize cbds

Question 47

resources

Answer 47

all substance of the biological and physical environment that has to meet a need and have value

Question 48

reserves

Answer 48

quantities of a resource that are known and available for economic unfair gain with current technology and price

Question 49

projected reserves

Answer 49

estimates of quantity that are likely to be added to reserves because of discoveries and changes in price and technology

Question 50

flow resources

Answer 50

water and sunlight

Question 51

stock resources

Answer 51

soil, forests, and animals

Question 52

mal-distribution is a problem

Answer 52

``` food goes to those with money food as weapon with civil unrest bad transport and storage environmental decline (desertification) governmental policies (can depress food production) unequal land ownership, poor equipment pests and weeds ```

Question 53

food problem/famine causes

Answer 53

low development, political unrest, unequal distribution of wealth and resources, soil erosion and deforestation

Question 54

food security in LDCs

Answer 54

food aid: direct food to problem counties, supports research on drought, and pest resistant seeds infrastructure: aid programs to maintain and build road and storage food programs at school food safety: prevent spoilage and spread of diseases.