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Human Geography Exam 4/Final Exam > Exam 4/Final Exam > Flashcards

Exam 4/Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

pre-industrial foundations

A

change from hunters-gathers to farmers.
fire to process food and clear land
grindstone to produce grain
improvement of early tools to kill animals

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2
Q

transition to Long-fallow agriculture

A

sowing seeds on cleared-burnt land

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3
Q

domestications of animals

A

involved technical and demographic chanes

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4
Q

agricultural hearth areas must haves

A

plentiful natural food supplies (freedom to experiments without fear of hunger
diversity of species to provide lots of genes and hybridization
no need to drain or irrigate land
natural vegetation with mainly woodland in hilly areas (easier to open farmland and hilly areas have natural drainage
population where economy and technology are more towards hunting and gathering and familiar with plants
non-moving population, to make protect growing crops

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5
Q

peasant agriculture

A

small farms, commercial farms or sharecropping (gives part of crops to landowner in return for right to farm, have a place to live. peasant then sells his share to pay for debts/income)

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6
Q

subsistence agriculture

A

grow enough to feed your family

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7
Q

tenancy

A

peasant pays rent in cash and owns own tools and has to pay or borrow for seeds and stuff

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8
Q

shifting or slash and burn agriculture

A

tropical areas. shift fields every 5-7 years in a rotation. field (milpa) slashed with ax or knife then burned to clear land. crops grown until soil fertility is gone then rotates to nearby, completed in 20-30

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9
Q

characteristics of plantations

A

large amount of land, bigger than family farms
division of labor and management, laborers live on property
crop specialization for outside markets, shipped before maturity
tropical or semi-tropical climate
settlement reflects large input of cultivating power per unit of land area
transportation links for export

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10
Q

Von Thunen’s model for isolated states

A

isolated state: no connection to the world
one market in center of state
uniform environment
farmers live same distance from market and have equal access to it (lower transport cost, invest more into labor, equipment, and supplies)
farmers are rational, economic people that produce products for market

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11
Q

livestock revolution

A

as income rises, people move to cities and consume more meat and dairy, demand driven=more production=more economic growth. results in transformation in under-developed countries

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12
Q

industrial geography

A

study of the location of industry on the human landscape. branch of economic geography. concerned with both activities and where primary products are manufactured into finished by products by secondary products

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13
Q

economic geography

A

concerned with the diverse ways people earn a living, how goods and services they produce are expressed and organized spatially

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14
Q

primary activities

A

agriculture, mining, forestry, taking raw materials or harvesting products, renewable and non-renewable resources

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15
Q

secondary activities

A

industry. manufacturing of products of primary activities

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16
Q

deindustrialization

A

decline in manufacturing in places that used to be center of manufacturing. due to old and less efficient plants and high labor costs. old industrial places

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17
Q

new industrial places

A

new industries of advanced capitalism creates these

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18
Q

technopoles

A

technology oriented complexes of planned development within a concentrated area (Silicon Valley, research triangle)

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19
Q

industrial revolution

A

1750-1820: series of changes, revolutions, and innovations. transformed how goods are produced for society and how people get food, clothing, and shelter. before, most things were made at home

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20
Q

diffusion of industrial revolution

A

first wave: Northern England with proto-industrialization
second wave: western Europe, Belgium, france, germany with iron and steel
third wave: Netherlands, Russia, Northern Italy, Southern Scandinavia with steel and iron

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21
Q

north American industrialization

A

developed first in northeast and into core manufacturing belt because of natural resources, growing market and labor force, research and innovation, increased efficiency in agriculture and growing population

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22
Q

political/economic factors of industrialization in America

A

regional and economic integration, America’s region traded with each other
American and british invested in America
growth of government employment and government spending on improvements

23
Q

megalopolis

A

urban-industrial and suburban concentration of people along northeast coast. developed iron and steel that fueled revolution

24
Q

economic factors to explain industrial location

A

transport costs
labor costs
agglomeration economies: savings made by being at a fixed location and producing stuff

25
Q

regional factors that influence cost of production

A

cost of raw materials
cost of transporting the raw materials
cost of labor

26
Q

localized materials

A

materials only in certain locations, depends on amount of weight lost from materials during production. no lost material=pure material

27
Q

ubiquitous materials

A

materials found everywhere=sand, air, water

28
Q

central place theory

A

unbound plain with equal soil fertility
equal distribution of resources
uniform transportation networks
even distribution of population
even distribution of purchasing power
consumers visit nearest central place that provides demand
central place exist to provide goods and services
providers of function are rational economic people who want to space themselves apart from competitors and have access to largest possible market

29
Q

central place

A

place where goods and services are purchased

30
Q

range

A

how far people will travel for a good or service

31
Q

threshold

A

market area required for good, physical area enclosing the number of people required for good/service to make a profit

32
Q

hinterland

A

area around a central place where people use the goods and services provided

33
Q

frictional effect

A

demand for good/service declines with distance

34
Q

low order place

A

have gas stations, grocery stores, provide few functions (wheeler)

35
Q

high order place

A

many functions: art dealers, car dealers (Eau Claire) same services as low order but moree

36
Q

hierarchy of central places

A

top: large cities which are regional metropolises
bottom: small villages
higher you go: able to purchase more goods/services

37
Q

urban geography

A

study of urban landscape created by people. study of how people modify their physical environment in an urban landscape. spatial interpretation of city-centered population concentrations that have high density buildup

38
Q

urbanization

A

process of people clustering in towns and cities.

cities expanding and absorbing the surrounding area (Sprawl)

39
Q

requirements for urban hearth area to have urbanism

A

ample natural resources
surplus of agriculture
social system for distribution of food and organization of society

40
Q

hydraulic civilization theory (rise of cities)

A

development of irrigation systems made more crops and increased population. needed military and technical people

41
Q

religious theories (rise of cities)

A

cities rose as places of religious leadership. priests were needed to predict climate, pray for good harvest and weather. no scientific knowledge, needed gods

42
Q

political theories (rise of cities)

A

cities rose as early places of political and military leadership. place for kings and military peeps to oversee and protect land and people

43
Q

trade (rise of cities)

A

cities grew as places for early trade and commerce and provision of services

44
Q

situation

A

regional setting, relationship to other cities, transportation routes, trade, defense

45
Q

24 hour cities

A

cbd functions and residence integrated, linked by mass transit

46
Q

stadium, arena, event construction

A

sport arenas and other venues serve as a magnet. provides jobs and revitalize cbds

47
Q

resources

A

all substance of the biological and physical environment that has to meet a need and have value

48
Q

reserves

A

quantities of a resource that are known and available for economic unfair gain with current technology and price

49
Q

projected reserves

A

estimates of quantity that are likely to be added to reserves because of discoveries and changes in price and technology

50
Q

flow resources

A

water and sunlight

51
Q

stock resources

A

soil, forests, and animals

52
Q

mal-distribution is a problem

A 
food goes to those with money
food as weapon with civil unrest 
bad transport and storage
environmental decline (desertification) 
governmental policies (can depress food production)
unequal land ownership, poor equipment
pests and weeds
53
Q

food problem/famine causes

A

low development, political unrest, unequal distribution of wealth and resources, soil erosion and deforestation

54
Q

food security in LDCs

A

food aid: direct food to problem counties, supports research on drought, and pest resistant seeds
infrastructure: aid programs to maintain and build road and storage
food programs at school
food safety: prevent spoilage and spread of diseases.

Human Geography Exam 4/Final Exam (1 decks)

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