Exam 4 (Final) Flashcards
- obstruent sounds
- respiratory airflow or airflow and acoustic energy pass through a narrow constriction to create a turbulent noise source
- noise cues manner
- noise spectrum and vowel transitions cue place
Fricatives
True or false
children with craniofacial anomalies have smaller lexicons than peers up to about age 30 months
true
______% of children with clefts have a competent VP mechanism and do not need extensive tx
75%
- child produces a pressure speech sound or class of sounds as a nasal fricative
- /s/ and /z/ often are produced in this manner iwth other pressure sounds produced normally
- amenable to tx, since it is the result of mislearning and not a structural anomaly
- SLPs not familiar w/ the problem will refer children to a cleft palate clinic
- clinic will refer back to the SLP
Phoneme specific nasal emission
Children with clefts prelinguistic development (6)
- more restricted consonant inventory
- use more glottal stops
- use fewer oral stops
- produce fewer multisyllabic words
- show a preference for nasals, glids, and the glottal fricative /h/
- may show delays in the use of cannonical babbling
early words of children with craniofacial anomalies often include what places of articulation (3)
labial, velar, glottal
resonance disorders in craniofacial anomalies are a result of (3)
- velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI)
- oral fistulae
- various nasalpharyngeal obstructive conditions
True or false
there is no difference in the frequency of vocalizations in children with and without cleft lip/palate
true
resonance disorders associated with craniofacial anomalies may include (3)
- hypernasality
- hyponasality
- cul-de-sac resonance
- known as oral semivowels and are vowel like
- voiced with some constriction of the vocal tract, but not as great as the other consonants
- characterized by quick movement of the articulators
- /j/ and /w/ also known as glides
- palatal produced with tongue position similar to /i/
- /w/
- like a dipthong starting at a high back vowel position /u/
- a velar with lip rounding
liquids and glides
Instrumental assessment of craniofacial anomalies speech
- airflow and oral pressure studies
- nasoendoscopy
- nasometry
- produced with occlusion of the vocal tract and nopen nasal port
- lower resonant frequencies, damping and reduced intensity (nasal murmer) are key features
- vowel transitions cue place of articulation and murmer cues manner
Nasal semivowels
- produced by selectively amplifying the vocal tract to produce distinctive formant patterns
- formant pattern used to perceive
- source-larynx phonation
- filter- vocal tract
vowels and dip thongs
_____ % of children with clefts have problems with VPI and will need speech tx.
25%
Overall sound production errors craniofacial anomalies (4)
- associated with pressure sounds
- sounds may be made w/ weak pressure
- nasal emission may be present
- sounds may be produced in a a compensatory fashion
classification errors related to their function in the child’s system (3)
- developmental
- obligatory
- compensatory
- measures relative nasal acoustic energy in speech
- acoustic energy is captrued from both oral and nasal cavities during speech
- ratio is converted to a percentage- nasalence score
- normed passsages often used (Zoo, Rainbow), but may be too difficult for children
nasometry
true or false
children may show a temporary reduction in vocalizations just after a palate repair
true
- most frequent resonance problem
- the perception of unwanted nasal resonance during the production of voiced sounds, particularly vowels
- due to VPI
Hypernasality or hypernasal resonance
- complete occlusion of the vocal tract and a quick release, which creates a noise burst
- glottal stops
- not phonemic in our language, however, we use glottal stops phonetically
- some speakers w/ VP closure problems use glottal stops as a copensatory articulation
- cues
- manner- stop burst
- place- the frequency regions of the stop burst
- voicing
- voice onset time (VOT)
- onset of voicing relative to the voice onset
Stops/Plosives
The early words of children with craniofacial anomalies show a preference for what sound classes (3)
nasals, vowels, semi-vowels
compensatory errors include (6)
- glottal stops
- nasal snorts
- velar fricatives
- pharyngeal fricatives
- pharyngeal stops
- mid-dorsum palatal stops
- porduced with total occlusion (stop-like) of the vocal tract followed by a slow release (fricative-like) that creates a turbulant noise source
affricates
pressure sound classes (3)
- plosives
- fricatives
- affricates
- nonstandard substitutions used to replace sounds or entire sound classes
- generally the result of velopharyngeal dysfunction or oral-nasal fistulee
- often found in the speech of children born with clefts
- compensatory errors are ameanable to ST
compensatory errors
- due to structural differences that influence physiologic movements requisite to normal sound production
- will not improve unless the structural defect is corrected
- typically classified as distortions
- dental intervention, orthodontics, and/or surgery needed to correct the structural problems
- speech production skills may change positively with a change in structure
- careful assessment is required to identify this change
- these errors also may be present in children who wear dental or orthopedic appliances
Obligatory errors
SLP conducts an assessment and categorizes errors into (3)
- developmental
- obligatory
- compensatory
children with residual velopharyngeal dysfunction following initial palatal surgery will need to… (2)
- undergo a secondary surgical repair and/or
- be fitted with a speech appliance
secondary surgical repairs for velopharyngeal dysfunction following inital palatal surgery (2)
- pharyngeal flap
- sphincter pharyngoplasty
speech appliances for velopharyngeal incompetence following initial palatal surgery (2)
- palatal lift prosthesis
- speech bulb prosthesis
True or False
Treatment for compensatory articulation errors should not be delayed until secondary surgery or prosthetic intervention
true
True or False
most children with clefts do not have muscle weakness
true
true or false
children with cleft palate are at risk for language delay
true
Additional types of performance feedback
- mirror for observing articulatory placements
- diagrams of the articulators
- occluding the nostrils
- listening tube
- drinking straws
- air paddle
Place of articulation- teaching hierarcy (5)
- group 1- laryngeal
- group 2- bilabial and labiodental
- group 3- alveolar and linguadental
- group 4- velar
- group 5- palatal
internal knowledge such as sensory information and conscious introspection by the learner
feedback
- information provided to the learner by an external source (e.g., clinician)
- can be quantitative, qualitative, or both
kowledge of results
