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VM742: BIOLOGY OF DISEASE III > EXAM 4: CIRCULATORY AND TRAUMATIC INJURIES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

EXAM 4: CIRCULATORY AND TRAUMATIC INJURIES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Cerebrovascular Disease
What is the hallmark?

A

Any abnormality of the brain resulting from a pathologic process of the blood vessels
Hallmark = loss of neurological function

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of brain infarcts?

A

Ischemic
Hemorrhagic

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3
Q

Define: Ischemic Infarcts

A

Vascular (artery/arterioles) obstruction

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4
Q

Gross Lesion: Ischemic Infarcts

A

Well-circumscribed area of malacia

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5
Q

Define: Hemorrhagic Infarct

A

Vascular damage/rupture leading to leakage of RBCs

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6
Q

Gross Lesion: Hemorrhagic Infarct

A

Regional area of parenchymal hemorrhage

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7
Q

What are the 3 main types of cerebral edema?

A

Vasogenic edema (most common)
Cytotoxic edema
Interstitial edema

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8
Q

Pathogenesis: Vasogenic Edema

A

Increased vascular permeability –> extracellular fluid accumulation

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9
Q

Causes: Vasogenic Edema

A

Neoplasia
Inflammation
Trauma

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10
Q

Pathogenesis: Cytotoxic Edema

A

Altered cellular metabolism –> intracellular fluid accumulation
Low O2 –> interference with ATP-dependent Na-K pump in cell membrane

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11
Q

Causes: Cytotoxic Edema

A

Hypoxia
Neoplasia
Toxic/metabolic conditions

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12
Q

Pathogenesis: Interstitial Edema

A

Accumulation of fluid in the periventricular white matter associated with increased ventricular pressure

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13
Q

What are the 3 places a swelled brain can herniate?

A

Through foramen magnum (foramenal herniation)
Under tentorium cerebelli (transtentorial herniation)
Under the falx cerebri (falcine herniation)

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14
Q

Define: Concussion

A

Diffuse but transient brain injury associated with temporary loss of consciousness

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15
Q

Gross Lesions: Concussion

A

Typically no gross lesions

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16
Q

Define: Contusion

A

Focal brain injury which may (but usually does not) result in unconsciousness

17
Q

Gross Lesions: Contusion

A

Superficial area of brain hemorrhage
Often associated with skull fracture

18
Q

Define: Coup Injury

A
19
Q

Define Countercoup Injury

A
20
Q

What is the most common site of hemorrhage following brain trauma?

A

Subarachnoid space

21
Q

What causes fracture of the basisphenoid bone in horses?

A

Characteristic of rearing over backward
Displaced bone lacerates large vessels at base of brain
Hemorrhage = dominant lesion

22
Q

What are the 2 major mechanisms of spinal cord injury?

A

Contusion
Compression

23
Q

What causes spinal cord compression?

A

Extramedullary pressures (disc herniation, vertebral/meningeal neoplasia, vertebral fracture/subluxation, vertebral malformation)

24
Q

Microscopic Lesions: Spinal Cord Trauma

A

Axonal/myelin degeneration at site of compression
Degeneration of axon and myelin sheath distal to site of injury (Wallerian degeneration)

25
Q

What is the pathogenesis of acute spinal cord compression?

A

Direct mechanical injury to spinal cord (contusion)
Hypoxia

26
Q

Hansen type I intervertebral disc extrusion is an example of what type of spinal cord compression?

A

Acute

27
Q

Define: Hansen Type I Disc Extrusion

A

Acute extrusion of nucleus pulposus through annulus fibrosis and into canal

28
Q

Hansen Type I Disc Extrusion is usually associated with what?

A

“Chondroid” degeneration/metaplasia of nucleus pulposus
Genetically programmed and starts early (~6m)
Chrondrodystrophic breeds

29
Q

What is the pathogenesis of chronic spinal cord compression?

A

Low grade hypoxia due to compression of vessels

30
Q

Hansen type II intervertebral disc extrusion is an example of what type of spinal cord compression?

A

Chronic

31
Q

Cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy is an example of what type of spinal cord compression?

A

Chronic

32
Q

Hansen Type II Disc Extrusion is usually associated with what?

A

“Fibrous degeneration” of annulus
Non-chondrodystrophic breeds

33
Q

Acute and chronic spinal cord compression lesions may result in what?

A

Ascending/descending hemorrhagic myelomalacia

34
Q

What are the 2 types of cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (“wobblers syndrome”)?

A

Osseous
Disc-associated

35
Q

Define: Osseous Wobblers Syndrome

A

Usually young dogs
Vertebral malformaitons often associated with degeneration of facet joints (osteochondrosis dissecans)

36
Q

Define: Disc-Associated Wobblers Syndrome

A

Adult dogs born with congenital vertebral canal stenosis

VM742: BIOLOGY OF DISEASE III (21 decks)

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