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sports psych > EXAM 4 - CH. 17, 19, 20, 22 > Flashcards

EXAM 4 - CH. 17, 19, 20, 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the relationship b/w injury and personality?

A

to date, personality factors associated with athletes’ injuries have NOT BEEN successfully identified

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2
Q

What are the TWO MAIN causes of stress-related injuries?

A

attentional disruption and increased muscle tension

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3
Q

attentional disruption

A

phenomena saying that stress disrupts an athlete’s attention by reducing peripheral attention, thus causing distraction and task-relevant thoughts

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4
Q

How does increased muscle tension lead to injury?

A

high stress can cause muscle tension and coordination interference

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5
Q

How does increased muscle tension lead to injury?

A

high stress can cause muscle tension and coordination interference

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6
Q

What ELSE can high stress cause, besides increased muscle tension?

A
  • generalized fatigue
  • muscle inefficiency
  • reduced flexibility
  • motor coordination problems
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7
Q

5 Stages of Reaction to Injury

A
  1. denial
  2. anger
  3. bargaining
  4. depression
  5. acceptance
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8
Q

relationship b/w athletic injuries and identity loss ?

A

loss of identity can occur when athletes can no longer participate in a sport due to injury; an important part of themselves is lost b/c they more strongly identify with their job more than any other occupation

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9
Q

Other common injury reactions?

A

fear & anxiety; lack of confidence; performance decrements

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10
Q

fear & anxiety as an injury reaction

A

an athlete worries whether they will fully recover, if they will reinjure themselves, whether or not they will get their jobs back

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11
Q

lack of confidence as an injury reaction

A

can lead to decreased motivation, inferior performance, additional injury if overcompensating

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12
Q

performance decrements

A

post-injury performance declines, especially among athletes that have extremely difficult times adjusting to lowered expectations

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13
Q

What is the THREE PHASE PROCESS of injury recovery?

A
  1. injury/illness phase
  2. rehabilitation/recovery phase
  3. return to full activity phase
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14
Q

At what point is an athlete considered recovered?

A

when the athlete returns to normal competitive funcitoning

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15
Q

Who should be providing INFORMATIONAL support to an injured athlete?

A

coaches and medical professionals

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16
Q

Who should be providing SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL support to an injured athlete?

A

friends and family

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17
Q

4 main addictive & unhealthy behaviors?

A

compulsive gambling, eating disorders, addiction to exercise, substance abuse

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18
Q

What is the most common eating disorder in the United States?

A

disordered eating

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19
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

a psychological disease characterized by an intense fear of being obese, a disturbed body image, a significant weight loss, the refusal to maintain normal body weight, and amenorrhea

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20
Q

What two things differentiate bulimics from anorexics?

A
  1. control
  2. awareness
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21
Q

disordered eating

A

dieting and diet-related behaviors that are not as significant as a diagnosed ED, but still negatively affect a person’s physical, mental, emotional health

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22
Q

awareness in anorexics?

A

people with anorexia are TOTALLY UNAWARE that they have an eating disorder to the point where his or her learned resourcefulness/willpower is through the ROOF

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23
Q

awareness in bulimics?

A

bulimics are fully aware that they have an eating disorder to the point where it leads to lower self-esteem and higher self-deprecation

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24
Q

control in anorexics?

A

anorexics have EXTREME CONTROL (in a negative way) over their eating

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25
Q

control in bulimics?

A

bulimics have little to no control over their eating/eating habits

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26
Q

Prevalence of eating disorders in sports = general?

A

athletes appear to have a greater occurrence of eating-related problems than the general population; significant percent of them are involved in subclinical pathogenic eating behaviors

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27
Q

How does gender impact prevalence of eating disorders in sport?

A

FEMALE athletes generally have HIGHER rates of eating disorders than male athletes; female athletes and females in the general pop. have eating disorders at about the same rate

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28
Q

What percentage of female athletes are AMENORRHEIC?

A

66% of female athletes; compared to 2-5% of nonathletes

29
Q

What are the predisposing factors of eating disorders?

A
  1. weight restrictions and standards
  2. coach and peer pressure
  3. sociocultural factors
  4. performance demands
  5. judging criteria [of a sport]
  6. critical comments about body shape and weight
  7. genetic + biological factors
  8. mediating factors
30
Q

What are the two most commonly abused substances in sport?

A

alcohol and tobacco (vaping)

31
Q

Why exercise for psychological well-being?

A

physical activity is POSITIVELY ASSOCIATED with good mental health (in U.S. and Canadian populations)

32
Q

acute effects of exercise - definition?

A

the short-term effects of physical activity and exercise

33
Q

Overall, what do the acute effects of exercise lead to?

A

decreased STATE anxiety

34
Q

Overall, what do the chronic effects of exercise lead to?

A

decreased TRAIT anxiety

35
Q

What impact does exercise have on those with elevated anxiety?

A

it’s especially effective for those with elevated levels of anxiety (more room for improvement, the faster you’ll improve)

36
Q

dose response

A

A dose-response relationship is one in which increasing levels of exposure are associated with either an increasing or a decreasing risk of the outcome.

37
Q

Durations of exercise + reduction of anxiety?

A

all durations significantly reduce anxiety, with larger effects in exercising for periods of up to 30 minutes

38
Q

chronic effects of exercise - definition?

A

exercise - associated with reduction of stress emotions such as state anxiety; reduction in TRAITS (neuroticism, anxiety)

39
Q

Exercise helps reduce what stress indicators?

A

neuromuscular tension, resting heart rate, and some stress hormones

40
Q

How does exercise enhance psych. well-being: PHYSIOLOGICAL EXPLANATION

A
  • increasing blood flow to the brain
  • changes in brain’s neurotransmitters
  • increase in maximum oxygen consumption and delivery of oxygen to cerebral tissue
  • reductions in muscle tension
  • structural changes in the brain
41
Q

How does exercise enhance psych. well-being: PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATION

A
  • enhanced feeling of control
  • feeling of competency and self-efficacy
  • positive social interactions
  • improved self-concept + self-esteem
  • opportunities for fun and enjoyment
42
Q

How does exercise impact changes in sleep?

A

it produces negligible increases in total sleep time BUT increases sleep quality SUBSTANTIALLY

43
Q

How does exercise impact quality of life?

A

physically active people report a better quality of life

44
Q

What exactly IS quality of life?

A

a person’s behavioral functioning ability - being able to do everyday stuff and live long enough to do it

45
Q

exercise in patients w/ HIV?

A

appears to be a therapeutic modality capable of enhancing components of subjective well-being for HIV patients

46
Q

exercise in cancer patients?

A

beneficial in enhancing QOL of cancer survivors

47
Q

exercise in MS patients?

A

plays a positive role in those with multiple sclerosis

48
Q

prevalence of substance abuse - ALCOHOL

A

92% in high school athletes; 88% in college athletes

49
Q

prevalence of substance abuse - PEDs?

A

only 5% of high school/college athletes; 40-60% among elite athletes

50
Q

What percentage of athletes would take a banned PED if they weren’t caught and guaranteed they would win?

A

NINETY-EIGHT PERCENT

51
Q

What percentage of athletes would take a PED if it meant dying from side effects?

A

60%

52
Q

steroid use in girls?

A

young girls as young as 9 years old are using bodybuilding steroids to get toned, sculpted look

53
Q

statistics in girls’ steroid use?

A

about 5% of high school girls and 7% of middle school girls ADMIT to trying to anabolic steroids at least once (admit key here b/c this is prob. underestimate)

54
Q

What are the PHYSICAL reasons for taking drugs?

A
  • enhance performance
  • rehabilitate injury
  • look better
  • control appetite + lose weight
55
Q

What are some PSYCHOLOGICAL reasons for taking drugs?

A
  • escape from unpleasant emotions + stress
  • build confidence
  • enhance self-esteem
  • seek thrills
56
Q

What are some SOCIAL reasons for taking drugs?

A
  • peer pressure
  • emulating/modeling athletic heroes
57
Q

6 categories of performance-enhancing drugs

A
  1. stimulants
  2. narcotic analgesics
  3. anabolic steroids
  4. diuretics
  5. beta-blockers
  6. peptide hormones and analogues
58
Q

purpose/function of stimulants?

A

= endurance

59
Q

examples of stimulants?

A

caffeine, cocaine

60
Q

function/purpose of anabolic steroids?

A

= muscle gain and fat loss

61
Q

examples of anabolic steroids?

A

deca, anavar, testosterone

62
Q

function/purpose of narcotic analgesics?

A

painkillers w/ narcotics (what’s fueling the opioid epidemic)

63
Q

examples of narcotic analgesics?

A

percocet, oxy.

64
Q

beta-blockers

A

helps reduce anxiety by blocking things that would otherwise increase arousal (and thus increase state anxiety)

65
Q

purpose of peptide hormones and analogues?

A

same REASONS for taking them as anabolic steroids

66
Q

What is the definition of exercise addiction?

A

a psychological or physiological dependence on a regular regimen of exercise that is characterized by withdrawal symptoms after 24-36 hours without exercise

67
Q

What makes it an ADDICTION to exercise?

A

addiction comes into play → life becomes STRUCTURED AROUND exercise that home and work responsibilities suffer

68
Q

compulsive gambling

A

also called gambling disorder; the uncontrollable urge to keep gambling despite the toll it takes on your life

69
Q

prevalence of compulsive gambling?

A

72% of NCAA DI football and basketball athletes engage in some form of gambling; among high school students, thought to be widespread

sports psych (4 decks)

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