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Schmidt’s World Of Anatomy > Exam 4 - CARDIAC > Flashcards

Exam 4 - CARDIAC Flashcards

1
Q

MAP reflects what exactly ?

A

Left Ventricular Afterload

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2
Q

Where are the gap junctions located in the heart muscle ?

A

at the intercalated discs

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3
Q

What are the high surface areas of the cardiac muscle ?

A

Intercalated disc

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4
Q

Where are intercalated disc found ?

A

ONLY in the heart

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5
Q

what is the pattern of the cardiac muscle?

A

striated muscle - due to lover laying of actin and myosin

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6
Q

How many nuclei do cardiac cells have ?

A

ONE

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7
Q

What type of muscle is mutli nucliated ?

A

ONLY skeletal muscle

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8
Q

Sarcomeres of cardiac muscle is similar to skeletal sarcomere ? T o F ?

A

TRUE

look exactly the same as skeletal muscle

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9
Q

Natural STEM cells do what in our body ?

A

replace cardiac muscle cells but very slowly

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10
Q

Where are fibroblast found ?

A

In the heart

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11
Q

What do fibroblast do in the heart ?

A

Fibroblast lay down scar tissue anywhere that the stem cells cannot fix

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12
Q

What disease can fibroblast repair lead to ?

A

CHF

laying down of scar tissue unnecessarily

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13
Q

What drug can slow down Fibroblast and why would we want it to ?

A

ACEi - block growth hormone factor of renin angiotensin system

Fibroblast does not conduct like normal cardiac tissue/muscle.

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14
Q

What drugs do pregnant people not want to be around that helps with heart failure ?

A

ACE or ARB’s

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15
Q

What word describes the layers and directions of the heart muscle ?

A

multi-layered SYNCYTIAL

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16
Q

How are the layers of the heart muscle layered?

A

two distinct layers that move in two opposite directions

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17
Q

Whats included in the “top half” of the heart ?

A

Left and Right ATRIA

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18
Q

Whats included in the “lower half” of the heart ?

A

Left and Right VENTRICLES

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19
Q

Different types of the cells in the heart ?

A

Muscle tissue

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20
Q

How does muscle tissue produce alot of force ?

A

achieves force by having lots of myofibrils within each muscle cell

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21
Q

How are myofibrils arranged in the heart ?

A

stacked or laid on top of each other for the length of the cell which increases the force

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22
Q

What makes the conduction tissue of the cardiac muscle different from other tissue?

A

there is less “stuff” inside the conduction tissue, which increases the force/conduction of the cardiac tissue

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23
Q

Where is the endocardium ??

A

Deep 1cell-layer thick endotheiliel muscle the heart

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24
Q

What is the myocardium of the heart ?

A

Bulk of the muscle wall

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25
Q

Where is the epicardium ?

A

Outer layer of the heart
most superficial layer

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26
Q

Where do most of the major blood vessels sit on the heart ?

A

The EPICARDIUM

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27
Q

What does the Pericardium consist of ?

A

Connective tissue of the sac of the heart
Epicardium
Pericardial Space

Parietal Pericardium - Inner layer
Fibrous Pericardium - outer STIFF layer

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28
Q

What layer sits just outside the Epicardium ?

A

Pericardial Space

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29
Q

What does the pericardial space consist of ?

A

thin layer of fluid and mucus

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30
Q

what does the pericardial space serve for ?

A

allows for the movement of the heart without pain
-lubricates the heart muscles at they move

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31
Q

What can increase friction in the heart ?

A

loss of fluid or inflammation of the pericardial space

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32
Q

Which part of the heart is stretchy ?

A

Parietal Pericardium

33
Q

Which part of the heart is leathery and difficult to stretch ?

A

Fibrous pericardium

34
Q

Subendocardium means what ?

A

super deep muscle layer in the heart wall

35
Q

Where would an MI likely occur?

A

deep in the subendocardium layer

36
Q

Where are our pressure the highest in the heart ?

A

subendocardium - deep in the heart

37
Q

What increases the liklihood of ischemia in the heart ?

A

clogged vessels and high wall pressure

38
Q

How does the orientation of cardiac sarcomere differ from other sarcomeres ?

A

Cardiac sarcomere is not relaxed to optimum degree

no H band due to actin and myosin filaments slightly overlap (UNDER-STRETCHED when relaxed )

39
Q

Purkinje Fibers serve what purpose in the heart ?

A

CONDUCTION

transmit action potentials

40
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of the purkinje fibers ?

A

VRM = -90mV

41
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of the ventricular fibers ?

A

VRM = -80mV

42
Q

Ventricular muscle and Purkinje fibers are both permeable to what while resting ?

A

SODIUM

43
Q

Is the permeability of Sodium in cardiac muscle constant ?

A

NO
cardiac ventricular muscle and purkinjie fibers bother have the ability to depolarize with enough

44
Q

When will you see purkinje fibers or ventricular fibers depolarize on their own ?

A

When something is WRONG

45
Q

What is the rate of self-depolarization for purkinje or ventricular muscle ?

A

VERY SLOW

46
Q

What is the threshold potential of the purkinje fibers or ventricular muscle ?

A
  • 70 mV
47
Q

Why does it take a long time for a person to escape a complete heart block naturally ?

A

LAG time of self-depolarization of the purkinje fibers or ventricular muscles

48
Q

What is the lag time of self depolarization with the first action potential ?

A

30 + seconds

49
Q

What procedure can lead to complete heart block ?

A

EYE procedures

50
Q

v + x

A

Five and dime

51
Q

where is the trigeminal nerve (CN 5) ?

A

side of the face

cranial nerve 5 in charge of sensory perception in the eye socket

52
Q

what is the X in the five and dime ?

A

cranial nerve 10 stimulating vagal response to decrease heart rate

53
Q

Phase 4 Ventricular electrical is what ?

A

RESTING membrane potential

54
Q

Phase 0 includes what ?

A

rapid upstroke due to FAST sodium current to influxx

55
Q

Phase 1

A

FAST Ca+ current from T-Type Ca+ Channels

56
Q

When do K+ channels start to close ?

A

End of phase 0 through phase 1 and 2

During action potential

57
Q

When do K+ begin to open

A

end of phase 2 - beginning of phase 3

58
Q

When do Slow type Ca+ channels open ?

A

PLATEAU Phase 2

59
Q

Phase 3

A

K+ channels open to repolarize and reset the cell

60
Q

How long is the action potential in the cardiac muscle ?

A

200 milliseconds

61
Q

the duration of phase 2 suggest what ?

A

the duration of the muscle contraction

62
Q

What is the only outward current in cardiac action potentials ?

A

K+

63
Q

Depolarization of cardiac muscles are initiated by what?

A

Na+ influx

64
Q

what sustains the depolarization in the cardiac action potential cycle ?

A

Ca+ influx

65
Q

Does the influx of Ca make the heart muscle positive ?

A

not enough calcium coming in to make cell that positive - just sustains the contraction period

66
Q

V = iR

A

Ohm’s Law

67
Q

Voltage = Current x R

A

Ohm’s Law

Current = i
Resistance = R

68
Q

Conduction tissue is found where in the heart ?

A

Purkinje fibers

69
Q

Positive Deflections on EKG readings occur from what ?

A

Electrons moving toward positive electrode

70
Q

Negative Deflections on EKG reading occur from what ?

A

Electrons moving away from positive electrode

71
Q

Depolarization happens in which direction in the heart?

A

INside to the OUTside
endocardium to the epicardium

72
Q

Re-polarization happens in which direction in the heart?

A

OUTside to the INside
Epicardium to the endocardium

73
Q

Area of re-polarization receive current from where ?

A

depolarized areas transmit current to other areas

74
Q

What happens if the tissue does not have enough energy

A

It cannot re-polarize - ischemia does not allow normal resetting

75
Q

ischemia leaves tissue in what state?

A

depolarized constantly tissue - will not reset itself electrically and now conducts currents of injury

76
Q

Currents of injury can give off what ?

A

currents of injury when there isnt supposed to be any

77
Q

How does the use of leads help us find areas of injury ?

A

They offer different perspectives of where the injury current can be coming from

78
Q
A

Schmidt’s World Of Anatomy (3 decks)

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