Exam 4 Adulthood (CH 15-16)

Question 1

Ericksons Stages of Psychosocial Development: Early Adulthood (Intimacy vs Isolation)

Answer 1

• Movement from confusion
  of adolescence into more
  intimate engagement with
  significant others
• Successful if achieve the
  virtue of love
• Noncompletion can lead to
  feelings of alienation,
  disconnection, and
  loneliness
• Young adults need to try
  out new relationships while
  maintaining individuality

Question 2

Ericksons Stages of Psychosocial Development: Middle Adulthood (Generatively vs Stagnation)

Answer 2

• Generative adults
  provide: Care, guidance,
  inspiration, instruction
  and leadership for future
  generations
• Failure to find ways to
  contribute = feelings of
  stagnation
• Finding meaning and
  leaving your mark on the
  world

Question 3

Jungs Analytical Psychology: Early/Middle Adulthood

Answer 3

• Carl Jung: “The Father of the Modern Study of
  Adult Development”
• Differentiation: the process by which
  humans develop unique patterns and traits
• Individuation: the full development of all
  aspects of the self into a unique and
  harmonious whole that gives expression to
  repressed attributes and desires.
• Gender roles have better balance
• Balance of introversion/extroversion
• In general, does not happen before age 40
• Acceptance of self happens in second
  half of life vs conformity in first half of
  life

Question 4

Arnetts Theory of Emerging Adulthood: Early/Middle Adulthood

Answer 4

• Industrial nations have increased
  experimentation phase
• Identity exploration
• Instability
• Self-focus
• Feeling “in-between”
• Possibilities/Optimism

Question 5

Faith Development (Growth vs Adversity Model); Early/Middle Adulthood

Answer 5

• Growth Model (Fowler) vs Adversity Model
  (Wink and Dillon)
• Adversity model states that spirituality
  becomes a way to cope with losses,
  disappointments, and difficulties
• Negative events in early
  adulthood=higher levels of spirituality in
  middle and late adulthood
• Increased belief across the population of
  legitimacy of multiple spiritual paths

Question 6

Vaillants Traits Coping Mechanisms: Early/Middle Adulthood

Answer 6

Coping Mechanisms:
Mature Mechanisms-
* Sublimation
* Humor
* Altruism
* Suppression
Immature Mechanisms-
* Denial
* Projection
* Passive Aggression
* Dissociation
* Acting out
* Fantasy

Question 7

Changes in the brain: Early/Middle Adulthood

Answer 7

Limited research
* Gray and white matter
volume declines with age,
cortical thinning occurs by
middle age
* Bilateral use of the brain is
thought to compensate for
shrinkage; maintain cognitive
functioning.
* Minimize hazards of brain
changes by having purpose,
maintaining strong
relationships, engaging in
physical activity, and getting
adequate sleep and nutrition.

Question 8

Protective Factors: Early/Middle Adulthood

Answer 8

• Military service
• Competent, nurturing caregiving
  beginning in infancy
• Emotional and instrumental
  support through adversity
• Having a sense of purpose
• Physically active
• Engaged with community

Question 9

Risk Factors: Early/Middle Adulthood

Answer 9

• Family history of substance abuse
• Family history of mental illness
• Military service
• Earlier risk factors apply
• Out of home care experience
• Early marriage
• Men who never marry
• Smoking/Diet/Obesity
• Loneliness

Question 10

Ericksons Stages of Psychosocial Development: Late Adulthood (Integrity vs Ego Despair)

Answer 10

◦ Did I live a meaningful life?
◦ Making peace with one’s life cycle
and finding unity with the world
◦ Integrity: looking back on life with a
sense of accomplishment and
fulfillment
◦ Despair: looking back and feeling
regret, shame, disappointment

Question 11

Vaillants Traits for Growing Old With Grace: Late Adulthood

Answer 11

◦ Caring about others and remaining open to new
ideas
◦ Showing cheerful tolerance of the indignities of
old age
◦ Maintaining hope
◦ Maintaining a sense of humor and capacity for
play
◦ Taking sustenance from past accomplishments
while remaining curious and continuing to learn
from the next generation
◦ Maintaining contact and intimacy with old friends

Question 12

Common Activities of Daily Living (ADLS): Late Adulthood

Answer 12

-bathing and toileting
-dressing
-walking a short distance
-shifting from a bed to a chair
-eating

Question 13

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLS); Late Adulthood

Answer 13

-doing light housework
-doing the laundry
-using transportation
-handling finances
-using the telephone
-taking medications

Question 14

Brain Diseases (Dementia): Late Adulthood

Answer 14

◦ Dementia: considered a group of
symptoms with a number of causes
◦ Symptoms include: difficulties with
memory, language and problem solving
◦ 46.8 million live with dementia in 2017
◦ Rate of dementia 5% for those with
bachelors degree+, 21% for those with
less than HS degree
◦ 9% with symptoms do not have; many
symptoms can be reversed with
behavioral and medical changes
◦ Risk factors: age, family history, down
syndrome, heavy alcohol use, high BP,
obesity, depression, diabetes, smoking,
sleep apnea

Question 15

Signs of Dementia

Answer 15

-memory loss that disrupts daily life
-challenges in planning or solving problems
-difficulty completing familiar tasks
-confusion with time or place
-problems with words speaking or writing
-misplacing things
-poor judgment
-withdrawal from social activities
-changes in mood and personalities
-eye troubles

Question 16

Brain Diseases (Alzheimer’s): Late Adulthood

Answer 16

◦ Most common type of dementia
◦ Deaths doubles between 2000-2014
◦ Mild, Moderate and Severe Stages
◦ Early detection is challenging;
believed changes begin 10-20 years
before symptom onset
◦ Multiple factors contribute
◦ Neurofibrillary tangles
◦ Beat-amyloidal plaques
◦ 6 Drugs have been approved; varying
effectiveness; no cure

Question 17

Stages of Alzheimer’s

Answer 17

Mild Stage Typical Symptoms:
-memory loss for recent events
-poor judgment
-repeated questions
-getting lost
-losing things
-mood or personality changes
-increased anxiety or depression
Moderate Stage Typical Symptoms:
-increased memory loss or confusion
-inability to learn new things
-difficulty with language
-shortened attention span
-problems recognizing family and friends
-impulsive behaviors
-inappropriate outbursts of anger
-repetitive statements or movements
Severe or Late Stage Typical Symptoms:
-inability to communicate
-loss of physical abilities
-weight loss
-seizures
-skin infections
-increased sleeping
-loss of bowel and blater control

Question 18

Brain Diseases (Parkinsons): Late Adulthood

Answer 18

◦ Chronic, progressive movement disorder that primarily effects adults over 70
◦ 2nd most common neurodegenerative disease following Alzheimer’s
◦ 1.2% of population over 65
◦ Primary Symptoms include:
◦ Tremors
◦ Rigidity
◦ Bradykinesia
◦ Postural Instability
◦ Mental Health Consequences
◦ PD caused by loss of cells that produce dopamine in the substantia nigra part of brain

Question 19

Styles of Grand parenting: Late Adulthood

Answer 19

◦ Influential grandparents; highly involved; scored high on all aspects. Around 17% of grandparents.
◦ Supportive grandparents: highly involved, but do not see themselves in role of disciplinarian or authority figure (25%)
◦ Passive grandparents: Moderately involved; do no provide instrumental assistance, nor discipline figures (19%)
◦ Authority-orientated grandparents: Authority is central component of grandparenting; relatively inactive (13%)
◦ Detached: least involved, scoring lowest on all dimensions (28%).

Question 20

Kubler-Ross Stages of Accepting Impending Death: Late Adulthood

Answer 20

◦ Most people experience those stages, though not necessarily in linear order; can get stuck or skip a stage
◦ Very-late adulthood, experience less denial
◦ Safe person needed to express fears
Denial: the person Denise that death will occur
Anger: the person projects their anger onto friends, family, healthcare professionals
Bargaining: the individual starts bargaining in an attempt to postpone death-offering deals
Depression: individual greive about their own end of life and about the ones that will be left behind
Acceptance: the person accepts the the end is near and the struggle is over

Question 21

Protective Factors: Late Adulthood

Answer 21

◦Not smoking or stopping young
◦Mature coping
◦No alcohol abuse
◦Healthy weight
◦Stable marriage
◦Some exercise
◦Years of education

Question 22

Risk Factors: Late Adulthood

Answer 22

◦ Vaillant argues that early risk factors become less important in later adulthood
◦ Smoking and substance abuse
◦ Unhealthy coping mechanism
◦ Obesity
◦ Marriage difficulties
◦ Sedentary lifestyle
◦ Limited education