Exam 4 Adulthood (CH 15-16) Flashcards
Ericksons Stages of Psychosocial Development: Early Adulthood (Intimacy vs Isolation)
- Movement from confusion
of adolescence into more
intimate engagement with
significant others - Successful if achieve the
virtue of love - Noncompletion can lead to
feelings of alienation,
disconnection, and
loneliness - Young adults need to try
out new relationships while
maintaining individuality
Ericksons Stages of Psychosocial Development: Middle Adulthood (Generatively vs Stagnation)
- Generative adults
provide: Care, guidance,
inspiration, instruction
and leadership for future
generations - Failure to find ways to
contribute = feelings of
stagnation - Finding meaning and
leaving your mark on the
world
Jungs Analytical Psychology: Early/Middle Adulthood
- Carl Jung: “The Father of the Modern Study of
Adult Development” - Differentiation: the process by which
humans develop unique patterns and traits - Individuation: the full development of all
aspects of the self into a unique and
harmonious whole that gives expression to
repressed attributes and desires. - Gender roles have better balance
- Balance of introversion/extroversion
- In general, does not happen before age 40
- Acceptance of self happens in second
half of life vs conformity in first half of
life
Arnetts Theory of Emerging Adulthood: Early/Middle Adulthood
- Industrial nations have increased
experimentation phase - Identity exploration
- Instability
- Self-focus
- Feeling “in-between”
- Possibilities/Optimism
Faith Development (Growth vs Adversity Model); Early/Middle Adulthood
- Growth Model (Fowler) vs Adversity Model
(Wink and Dillon) - Adversity model states that spirituality
becomes a way to cope with losses,
disappointments, and difficulties - Negative events in early
adulthood=higher levels of spirituality in
middle and late adulthood - Increased belief across the population of
legitimacy of multiple spiritual paths
Vaillants Traits Coping Mechanisms: Early/Middle Adulthood
Coping Mechanisms:
Mature Mechanisms-
* Sublimation
* Humor
* Altruism
* Suppression
Immature Mechanisms-
* Denial
* Projection
* Passive Aggression
* Dissociation
* Acting out
* Fantasy
Changes in the brain: Early/Middle Adulthood
Limited research
* Gray and white matter
volume declines with age,
cortical thinning occurs by
middle age
* Bilateral use of the brain is
thought to compensate for
shrinkage; maintain cognitive
functioning.
* Minimize hazards of brain
changes by having purpose,
maintaining strong
relationships, engaging in
physical activity, and getting
adequate sleep and nutrition.
Protective Factors: Early/Middle Adulthood
- Military service
- Competent, nurturing caregiving
beginning in infancy - Emotional and instrumental
support through adversity - Having a sense of purpose
- Physically active
- Engaged with community
Risk Factors: Early/Middle Adulthood
- Family history of substance abuse
- Family history of mental illness
- Military service
- Earlier risk factors apply
- Out of home care experience
- Early marriage
- Men who never marry
- Smoking/Diet/Obesity
- Loneliness
Ericksons Stages of Psychosocial Development: Late Adulthood (Integrity vs Ego Despair)
◦ Did I live a meaningful life?
◦ Making peace with one’s life cycle
and finding unity with the world
◦ Integrity: looking back on life with a
sense of accomplishment and
fulfillment
◦ Despair: looking back and feeling
regret, shame, disappointment
Vaillants Traits for Growing Old With Grace: Late Adulthood
◦ Caring about others and remaining open to new
ideas
◦ Showing cheerful tolerance of the indignities of
old age
◦ Maintaining hope
◦ Maintaining a sense of humor and capacity for
play
◦ Taking sustenance from past accomplishments
while remaining curious and continuing to learn
from the next generation
◦ Maintaining contact and intimacy with old friends
Common Activities of Daily Living (ADLS): Late Adulthood
-bathing and toileting
-dressing
-walking a short distance
-shifting from a bed to a chair
-eating
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLS); Late Adulthood
-doing light housework
-doing the laundry
-using transportation
-handling finances
-using the telephone
-taking medications
Brain Diseases (Dementia): Late Adulthood
◦ Dementia: considered a group of
symptoms with a number of causes
◦ Symptoms include: difficulties with
memory, language and problem solving
◦ 46.8 million live with dementia in 2017
◦ Rate of dementia 5% for those with
bachelors degree+, 21% for those with
less than HS degree
◦ 9% with symptoms do not have; many
symptoms can be reversed with
behavioral and medical changes
◦ Risk factors: age, family history, down
syndrome, heavy alcohol use, high BP,
obesity, depression, diabetes, smoking,
sleep apnea
Signs of Dementia
-memory loss that disrupts daily life
-challenges in planning or solving problems
-difficulty completing familiar tasks
-confusion with time or place
-problems with words speaking or writing
-misplacing things
-poor judgment
-withdrawal from social activities
-changes in mood and personalities
-eye troubles
Brain Diseases (Alzheimer’s): Late Adulthood
◦ Most common type of dementia
◦ Deaths doubles between 2000-2014
◦ Mild, Moderate and Severe Stages
◦ Early detection is challenging;
believed changes begin 10-20 years
before symptom onset
◦ Multiple factors contribute
◦ Neurofibrillary tangles
◦ Beat-amyloidal plaques
◦ 6 Drugs have been approved; varying
effectiveness; no cure
Stages of Alzheimer’s
Mild Stage Typical Symptoms:
-memory loss for recent events
-poor judgment
-repeated questions
-getting lost
-losing things
-mood or personality changes
-increased anxiety or depression
Moderate Stage Typical Symptoms:
-increased memory loss or confusion
-inability to learn new things
-difficulty with language
-shortened attention span
-problems recognizing family and friends
-impulsive behaviors
-inappropriate outbursts of anger
-repetitive statements or movements
Severe or Late Stage Typical Symptoms:
-inability to communicate
-loss of physical abilities
-weight loss
-seizures
-skin infections
-increased sleeping
-loss of bowel and blater control
Brain Diseases (Parkinsons): Late Adulthood
◦ Chronic, progressive movement disorder that primarily effects adults over 70
◦ 2nd most common neurodegenerative disease following Alzheimer’s
◦ 1.2% of population over 65
◦ Primary Symptoms include:
◦ Tremors
◦ Rigidity
◦ Bradykinesia
◦ Postural Instability
◦ Mental Health Consequences
◦ PD caused by loss of cells that produce dopamine in the substantia nigra part of brain
Styles of Grand parenting: Late Adulthood
◦ Influential grandparents; highly involved; scored high on all aspects. Around 17% of grandparents.
◦ Supportive grandparents: highly involved, but do not see themselves in role of disciplinarian or authority figure (25%)
◦ Passive grandparents: Moderately involved; do no provide instrumental assistance, nor discipline figures (19%)
◦ Authority-orientated grandparents: Authority is central component of grandparenting; relatively inactive (13%)
◦ Detached: least involved, scoring lowest on all dimensions (28%).
Kubler-Ross Stages of Accepting Impending Death: Late Adulthood
◦ Most people experience those stages, though not necessarily in linear order; can get stuck or skip a stage
◦ Very-late adulthood, experience less denial
◦ Safe person needed to express fears
Denial: the person Denise that death will occur
Anger: the person projects their anger onto friends, family, healthcare professionals
Bargaining: the individual starts bargaining in an attempt to postpone death-offering deals
Depression: individual greive about their own end of life and about the ones that will be left behind
Acceptance: the person accepts the the end is near and the struggle is over
Protective Factors: Late Adulthood
◦Not smoking or stopping young
◦Mature coping
◦No alcohol abuse
◦Healthy weight
◦Stable marriage
◦Some exercise
◦Years of education
Risk Factors: Late Adulthood
◦ Vaillant argues that early risk factors become less important in later adulthood
◦ Smoking and substance abuse
◦ Unhealthy coping mechanism
◦ Obesity
◦ Marriage difficulties
◦ Sedentary lifestyle
◦ Limited education
