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Physiology 310 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

4

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2
Q

What does it mean when someone says that we actually have two separate pumps?

A

They mean that we have a left pump (left ventricle) and a right pump (right ventricle).

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3
Q

What is oxygenated/deoxygenated blood?

A

Oxygenated blood is filled with oxygen from the lungs. In contrast, deoxygenated blood has had most of its oxygen removed and is returning to the lungs to become re-oxygenated.

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4
Q

What vessels carry oxygenated/deoxygenated blood in the pulmonary circuit?

A

Arteries - deoxygenated

Veins - oxygenated

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5
Q

What vessels carry oxygenated/deoxygenated blood in the systemic circuit?

A

Arteries - oxygenated

Veins - deoxygenated

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6
Q

How many liters of blood does the heart pump to the lungs per minute?

A

5L/min

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7
Q

How many liters of blood per minute does the heart pump to the brain? Heart? Liver/Gi Tract? Kidneys? Skeletal Muscle? Skin? Bone and other tissue?

A 
Brain: 0.70L/min.
Heart: 0.20L/min.
Liver/GI tract: 1.35L/min.
Kidneys:1.0L/min.
Skeletal muscle: 1.5L/min.
Skin: 0.25L/min.
Bone and other tissue: 0.45L/min.
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8
Q

What vascular bed gets the greatest fraction of this cardiac output during rest? Least?

A

Greatest - GI Tract

Least - Skin

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9
Q

How does the fractional distribution of cardiac output change with exercise and why?

A

During exercise 80% of blood goes to skeletal muscle as there is a large demand for oxygen and nutrients by the active muscles.

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10
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle.

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11
Q

What vessel does the right ventricle pump blood into? Left ventricle?

A

The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary artery.

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12
Q

What are the three vessels that deliver blood to the right atrium?

A

Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary Sinus

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13
Q

What are the vessels that deliver blood to the left atrium?

A

pulmonary veins

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14
Q

What are the five vessels that emanate from the aorta?

A 
Right coronary artery
Left coronary artery
Left subclavian artery
left common carotid artery
Brachiocephalic artery (branches into the right subclavian and carotid)
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15
Q

What very important vessel is located in the inter ventricular sulcus

A

left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery.

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16
Q

What are the names for the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve, right atrioventricular (AV) valve

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17
Q

What are the names for the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle?

A

Bicuspid valve, left atrioventricular (AV) valve, mitral valve

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18
Q

What is the name of the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk?

A

pulmonary (pulmonic) semilunar valve

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19
Q

What is the name of the valve between the left ventricle and the aorta?

A

aortic semilunar valve

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20
Q

What is the name of the wall between the ventricles?

A

Inter-ventricular septum.

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21
Q

What is the name of the wall between the atria?

A

interatrial septum

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22
Q

What is trabecular carneae

A

rounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricles of the heart. So it is the muscle of the heart.

23
Q

What is the chord tendineae?

A

cord like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid and mitral valves in the heart.

24
Q

What is the papillary muscle?

A

Muscles located in the ventricles of the heart. They attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valve via the chordeae tendineae and contract to prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves during ventricular systole.

25
Q

What are the three layers of the heart, from inside out?

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Pericardium

26
Q

Which layer is much thicker in the left ventricle when compared to the right ventricle? Why?

A

the myocardium is thicker in the left ventricle than the right ventricle because the left ventricle needs to pump blood to the entire body and therefore needs to generate a considerable amount of force. The right only pumps blood 6 inches away to the lungs.

27
Q

You are a microscope sitting atop a red blood cell and floating around inside the atrium of a heart that is not beating. Once the heart begins beating can you describe how you would travel through the heart and the entire cardiovascular system and arrive back in the right atrium?

A
  1. Right atrium
  2. right av valve
  3. right ventricle
  4. pulmonary semilunar valve
  5. pulmonary artery
  6. lungs
  7. arteries
  8. arterioles
  9. capillaries
  10. venules
  11. veins
  12. pulmonary veins
  13. left atrium
  14. left av valve
  15. left ventricle
  16. aortic semilunar valve
  17. aorta
  18. arteries in the organs
  19. arterioles in the organs
  20. capillaries in the organs
  21. venues in the organs
  22. veins in the organ
  23. vena cava
  24. right atrium
28
Q

Where is the foramen oval in a fetus’ heart? Function?

A

interatrial septum. It shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium (away from the lungs).

29
Q

What does the foramen oval become in an adult heart?

A

Fossa Ovalis

30
Q

Where is the ductus arterioles in a fetus’ heart? Function?

A

Between the aortic arch and the pulmonary trunk. Shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch (away from the lungs).

31
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus become in an adult heart?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

32
Q

Some people have a “hole in their heart” and go through their entire lives without realizing it. What is this hole and why does it cause problems for some people?

A

Foramen vale, for some people the shunting of deoxygenated blood into the arterial system leads to poor oxygen delivery to organs.

33
Q

Can you describe the conformations of the four valves of the heart during diastole (relaxed)?

A

The av valves are open and the semilunar valves are closed.

34
Q

Can you describe the conformations of the four valves of the heart during systole (not relaxed)?

A

the semilunar valves are open and the av valves are closed.

35
Q

What do I mean when I say that semilunar valves are inherently one-way valves?

A

They only open in one direction, without the assistance of papillary muscles and chordae tendineae.

36
Q

How is it that the av valves are not inherently one way valves?

A

They require papillary muscles and chordae tendineae to function properly.

37
Q

How do papillary muscle, chordae tendineae and the av valves work in concert to achieve proper av valve function?

A

papillary muscles contract prior to the ventricles contracting to reduce the travel of the AV valves so that they properly shut.

38
Q

What would happen if the chordae tendineae were severed?

A

av valve prolapse and potentially, atrial regurgitation.

39
Q

Once a relaxed left ventricle begins to contract, how is pressure generated? Where does the blood first try to go?Where does the blood first go? Why?

A

As the volume chamber decreases, the pressure within it increases. Left atrium. Aorta, because the left AV valve slam shut.

40
Q

Once a relaxed right ventricle begins to contract, how is pressure generated? Where does the blood first try to go? Where does it end up going? Why?

A

As the volume of the chamber decreases, the pressure within it increases. Right atrium. Pulmonary trunk. Right av valve slams shut.

41
Q

Beginning with pacemaker, can you describe how the signal for the heart to contract travels through the cardiac conduction system?

A
  1. SA node
  2. internodal fibers
  3. AV node
  4. bundle of his
  5. R/L bundle branches
  6. Moderator Band
  7. Purkinjie fibers
42
Q

What is the sinoatrial (SA) node? Where is it located? What is its functions?

A

The SA node is a small body of specialized muscle tissue that acts as a pacemaker by producing a contractile signal at regular intervals. In the upper wall of the right atrium of the heart. Spontaneously generates heart rhythm.

43
Q

What types of problems would arise if your SA node was not properly working?

A

arrhythmias (bradycardia, tachycardia, etc.)

44
Q

What type of intervention can be done to correct for a bad “pacemaker”?

A

impact an artificial pacemaker.

45
Q

What are internodal fibers? Where are they located? What is their function?

A

Internodal fibers are the cardiac conductive cells that emanate from the SA node, innervate the atrial myocardium and terminate at the AV node. Located in the atria and their function is to conduct the signal from the SA node to the myocardial cells of the atria.

46
Q

What is the atrioventricular (AV) node? Where is it located? What is its function?

A

The AV node electrically connects the right atrium and the right ventricle. It lies at the floor of the right atrium and both generates and conducts action potentials. It electrically connects the right atrium and right ventricle.

47
Q

What sends the signal to contract to the ventricular myocardium?

A

Purkinjie Fibers

48
Q

What is the function of the moderator band? What would happen if it was severed?

A

The moderator band is a muscular band of heart tissue found in the right ventricle of the heart. It carries part of the right bundle branch of the AV bundle of the conduction system of the heart to the papillary muscle. If the moderator band was damaged, the AV valves would prolapse into the atria.

49
Q

What is dromotropy?

A

the signal conduction velocity throughout the cardiac prolapse into the atria.

50
Q

How does cardiac muscle cell structurally differ from a skeletal muscle cell?

A

Cardiac muscle cells have only one or two uncle, while skeletal muscle cells are multi-nucleated. Cardiac cells are involuntarily controlled, while skeletal muscle cells are voluntarily controlled. Cardiac cells are interconnected by gap junctions. In cardiac cells, DHP is also a channel.

51
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

regions in the cardiac tissue where there is a high density of gap junctions.

52
Q

What does it mean that the heart is a functional syncytium?

A

the cells are interconnected by gap junctions and contract in unison.

53
Q

Can you draw a graph of a cardiac “slow cell” action potential? What is the RMP? TP? What happens at phase 0? Phase 3? Phase 4? What is a funny channel? How is the channel regulated (Hint: there are two ways)? What is its current?

A

a. RMP: -60 mV.
b. TP: -40 mV.
c. Phase 0: Ca2+ is coming inside the cell via L-type Ca2+ channels.
d. Phase 3: K+ is leaving the cell via voltage-gated K+ channels.
e. Phase 4: prepotential that occurs via funny channels (inward Na+ current).
f. The funny channels are activated by hyperpolarization and cAMP. SNS increases
cAMP, which binds to funny channels and increases the probability they are open. PNS decreases cAMP, which is now unbound to funny channels and therefore decreases the probability they are open.

Physiology 310 (1 decks)

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