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Biology 102 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Population

A

groups of individuals living in the same area

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2
Q

Abiotic

A

consists of nonliving chemical and physical factors

Examples: water, sunlight, temperature, wind, disturbance

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3
Q

Biotic

A

includes the living factors

Examples: predators, competitors, food supply

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4
Q

Organismal Ecology

A

study of evolutionary adaptations that enable individual organisms to meet the challenges posed by their abiotic environments, focuses on the physiological, morphological, and behavioral adaptations of individual species

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5
Q

Population Ecology

A

the study of populations which focuses mainly on factors that affect population size and density

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6
Q

Community Ecology

A

the study of communities, assemblages of populations of different species, focuses mainly on factors that affect population size and density

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7
Q

Ecosystem Ecology

A

the study of ecosystems, which include all the abiotic factors in addition to the species in a certain area, focuses on energy flow and the cycling of nutrients among the various abiotic and biotic factors

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8
Q

Ecology

A

specific study of interactions between organisms and their environments

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9
Q

Population Density

A

the number of individuals of a species per unit of area

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10
Q

Population Dispersion

A

the way individuals are spaced within the population’s geographic range

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11
Q

Clumped Pattern of Dispersion

A

individuals aggregate in patches, caused by patchy resources or social interactions, most common

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12
Q

Uniform Pattern of Dispersion

A

individuals are evenly spaced, usually results from territoriality or interactions between individuals

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13
Q

Random Pattern of Dispersion

A

individuals are spaced in a patternless way, uniform resources, not influenced by interactions between individuals, least common pattern

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14
Q

Exponential Population Growth

A

describes the rate of expansion of a population under ideal, unregulated conditions, depends on the number of individuals already in the population

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15
Q

Logistic Population Growth

A

description of intro specific competition, exponential growth failing leads to this, changes in environment lead to full carrying capacity which eventually leads to death

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16
Q

Exponential Growth Curve

A

backwards lowercase “l” with a tail

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17
Q

Logistic Growth Curve

A

stretched out lowercase “s”

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18
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

number of individuals in a population that the environment can sustain

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19
Q

Type I Survivorship

A

stretched out upside-down lowercase “u”, small amounts of offspring, lives longer, humans are an example

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20
Q

Type II Survivorship

A

straight line graph, constant mortality rate, more offspring, birds are an example

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21
Q

Type III Survivorship

A

stretched out lowercase “l” with a tail, greatest mortality rate, octopus are an example

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22
Q

Opportunistic vs. Equilibrium Species

A

two extremes of survival, opportunistic lowest mortality rate, equilibrium highest mortality rate

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23
Q

Community

A

an assemblage of species living close enough together for potential interaction

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24
Q

Diversity

A

the variety of different kinds of organisms that make up a community

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25
Q

Stability

A

ability to resist change and return to its original species combination after being disturbed

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26
Q

Tropic Structure

A

refers to the feeding relationships among the species within the community

27
Q

Niche

A

sum total of that species’ use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment

28
Q

Species Richness

A

total number of different species in the community

29
Q

Relative Abundance

A

proportion of the community made up of different species

30
Q

Keystone Species

A

when species fill niches that play more important roles in maintaining community structure

31
Q

Competition

A

two or more species in community relying on similar limiting resources
Example: lions and cheetahs

32
Q

Predation

A

organisms eat other organism

Example: snake eating deer

33
Q

Mutualism

A

a symbiosis that benefits both partners

Example: birds eating flies off deer

34
Q

Commensalism

A

one species benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed
Example: ant colonies and birds

35
Q

Competitive Exclusion

A

when one species will outcompete the other, and exclude it from the community
Example: red and grey squirrels

36
Q

Resource Partitioning

A

when one or both species evolve to use different sets of resources
Example: squirrels eating nuts off tree vs. ground

37
Q

Character Displacement

A

an evolutionary divergence in one or both of the species that leads to a partitioning of the niche
Example: think of the finches on Galapagos Islands

38
Q

Convolution

A

predators and prey act as strong selective forces for each other
Example: bumblebees pollinating flowers

39
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

plants

40
Q

Inputs to Light Reactions

A

light and water

41
Q

Outputs to Light Reactions

A

oxygen

42
Q

How do plants acquire CO2 for photosynthesis?

A

through the atmosphere

43
Q

Light Reactions Location

A

thylakoids

44
Q

Photon

A

light energy

45
Q

What happens when a photon hits a chlorophyll molecule?

A

forms ATP and NADPH

46
Q

Calvin Cycle Location

A

stroma

47
Q

Input to Calvin Cycle

A

carbon dioxide

48
Q

Output to Calvin Cycle

A

sugar

49
Q

Cellular Respiration Location

A

mitochondria

50
Q

Cells that Perform Cellular Respiration

A

plants and animals

51
Q

What is the only molecule that cells can use energy from directly to perform cellular work?

A

ATP

52
Q

What molecule is the final electron “acceptor” for electrons released during cellular respiration?

A

oxygen

53
Q

Number of ATP Generated

A

38 molecules

54
Q

What is captured by the light reactions and in what form is it stored?

A

captured by chlorophyll and stored in ATP

55
Q

Wavelengths used for Photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll A absorbs light in the blue-violet and red wavelengths

56
Q

Trophic Levels

A

Quaternary consumers-tertiary consumers-secondary consumers-primary consumers-producers

57
Q

Primary Productivity

A

rate at which plants and other producers build biomass, amount of this limits the length of food chains

58
Q

Biomass

A

amount of organic material in an ecosystem

59
Q

Energy that Enters Next Trophic Level

A

10%, the rest is lost by heat energy

60
Q

Reservoirs of Carbon Cycle

A

living organisms, CO2 in atmosphere, carbon compound in water

61
Q

Processes in Carbon Cycle

A

photosynthesis, cellular respiration, Combustion

62
Q

Biogeochemical Cycles

A

composed of biotic and abiotic reservoirs and the processes that move the substance from one reservoir to the next

63
Q

What creates seasons?

A

tilt of the Earth

64
Q

Wet and Dry Latitudes

A

Wet: equator to 60 degrees
Dry: 30 degrees to the poles

Biology 102 (1 decks)

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