Exam 4

Question 1

Population

Answer 1

groups of individuals living in the same area

Question 2

Abiotic

Answer 2

consists of nonliving chemical and physical factors

Examples: water, sunlight, temperature, wind, disturbance

Question 3

Biotic

Answer 3

includes the living factors

Examples: predators, competitors, food supply

Question 4

Organismal Ecology

Answer 4

study of evolutionary adaptations that enable individual organisms to meet the challenges posed by their abiotic environments, focuses on the physiological, morphological, and behavioral adaptations of individual species

Question 5

Population Ecology

Answer 5

the study of populations which focuses mainly on factors that affect population size and density

Question 6

Community Ecology

Answer 6

the study of communities, assemblages of populations of different species, focuses mainly on factors that affect population size and density

Question 7

Ecosystem Ecology

Answer 7

the study of ecosystems, which include all the abiotic factors in addition to the species in a certain area, focuses on energy flow and the cycling of nutrients among the various abiotic and biotic factors

Question 8

Ecology

Answer 8

specific study of interactions between organisms and their environments

Question 9

Population Density

Answer 9

the number of individuals of a species per unit of area

Question 10

Population Dispersion

Answer 10

the way individuals are spaced within the population’s geographic range

Question 11

Clumped Pattern of Dispersion

Answer 11

individuals aggregate in patches, caused by patchy resources or social interactions, most common

Question 12

Uniform Pattern of Dispersion

Answer 12

individuals are evenly spaced, usually results from territoriality or interactions between individuals

Question 13

Random Pattern of Dispersion

Answer 13

individuals are spaced in a patternless way, uniform resources, not influenced by interactions between individuals, least common pattern

Question 14

Exponential Population Growth

Answer 14

describes the rate of expansion of a population under ideal, unregulated conditions, depends on the number of individuals already in the population

Question 15

Logistic Population Growth

Answer 15

description of intro specific competition, exponential growth failing leads to this, changes in environment lead to full carrying capacity which eventually leads to death

Question 16

Exponential Growth Curve

Answer 16

backwards lowercase “l” with a tail

Question 17

Logistic Growth Curve

Answer 17

stretched out lowercase “s”

Question 18

Carrying Capacity

Answer 18

number of individuals in a population that the environment can sustain

Question 19

Type I Survivorship

Answer 19

stretched out upside-down lowercase “u”, small amounts of offspring, lives longer, humans are an example

Question 20

Type II Survivorship

Answer 20

straight line graph, constant mortality rate, more offspring, birds are an example

Question 21

Type III Survivorship

Answer 21

stretched out lowercase “l” with a tail, greatest mortality rate, octopus are an example

Question 22

Opportunistic vs. Equilibrium Species

Answer 22

two extremes of survival, opportunistic lowest mortality rate, equilibrium highest mortality rate

Question 23

Community

Answer 23

an assemblage of species living close enough together for potential interaction

Question 24

Diversity

Answer 24

the variety of different kinds of organisms that make up a community

Question 25

Stability

Answer 25

ability to resist change and return to its original species combination after being disturbed

Question 26

Tropic Structure

Answer 26

refers to the feeding relationships among the species within the community

Question 27

Niche

Answer 27

sum total of that species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment

Question 28

Species Richness

Answer 28

total number of different species in the community

Question 29

Relative Abundance

Answer 29

proportion of the community made up of different species

Question 30

Keystone Species

Answer 30

when species fill niches that play more important roles in maintaining community structure

Question 31

Competition

Answer 31

two or more species in community relying on similar limiting resources Example: lions and cheetahs

Question 32

Predation

Answer 32

organisms eat other organism | Example: snake eating deer

Question 33

Mutualism

Answer 33

a symbiosis that benefits both partners | Example: birds eating flies off deer

Question 34

Commensalism

Answer 34

one species benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed Example: ant colonies and birds

Question 35

Competitive Exclusion

Answer 35

when one species will outcompete the other, and exclude it from the community Example: red and grey squirrels

Question 36

Resource Partitioning

Answer 36

when one or both species evolve to use different sets of resources Example: squirrels eating nuts off tree vs. ground

Question 37

Character Displacement

Answer 37

an evolutionary divergence in one or both of the species that leads to a partitioning of the niche Example: think of the finches on Galapagos Islands

Question 38

Convolution

Answer 38

predators and prey act as strong selective forces for each other Example: bumblebees pollinating flowers

Question 39

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Answer 39

plants

Question 40

Inputs to Light Reactions

Answer 40

light and water

Question 41

Outputs to Light Reactions

Answer 41

oxygen

Question 42

How do plants acquire CO2 for photosynthesis?

Answer 42

through the atmosphere

Question 43

Light Reactions Location

Answer 43

thylakoids

Question 44

Photon

Answer 44

light energy

Question 45

What happens when a photon hits a chlorophyll molecule?

Answer 45

forms ATP and NADPH

Question 46

Calvin Cycle Location

Answer 46

stroma

Question 47

Input to Calvin Cycle

Answer 47

carbon dioxide

Question 48

Output to Calvin Cycle

Answer 48

sugar

Question 49

Cellular Respiration Location

Answer 49

mitochondria

Question 50

Cells that Perform Cellular Respiration

Answer 50

plants and animals

Question 51

What is the only molecule that cells can use energy from directly to perform cellular work?

Answer 51

ATP

Question 52

What molecule is the final electron "acceptor" for electrons released during cellular respiration?

Answer 52

oxygen

Question 53

Number of ATP Generated

Answer 53

38 molecules

Question 54

What is captured by the light reactions and in what form is it stored?

Answer 54

captured by chlorophyll and stored in ATP

Question 55

Wavelengths used for Photosynthesis

Answer 55

chlorophyll A absorbs light in the blue-violet and red wavelengths

Question 56

Trophic Levels

Answer 56

Quaternary consumers-tertiary consumers-secondary consumers-primary consumers-producers

Question 57

Primary Productivity

Answer 57

rate at which plants and other producers build biomass, amount of this limits the length of food chains

Question 58

Biomass

Answer 58

amount of organic material in an ecosystem

Question 59

Energy that Enters Next Trophic Level

Answer 59

10%, the rest is lost by heat energy

Question 60

Reservoirs of Carbon Cycle

Answer 60

living organisms, CO2 in atmosphere, carbon compound in water

Question 61

Processes in Carbon Cycle

Answer 61

photosynthesis, cellular respiration, Combustion

Question 62

Biogeochemical Cycles

Answer 62

composed of biotic and abiotic reservoirs and the processes that move the substance from one reservoir to the next

Question 63

What creates seasons?

Answer 63

tilt of the Earth

Question 64

Wet and Dry Latitudes

Answer 64

Wet: equator to 60 degrees Dry: 30 degrees to the poles