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Biology 189 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Heterotroph

A

organisms that feed on other organisms

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2
Q

Name the 3 animal diets

A

1) herbivores - feed on plants
2) carnivores - feed on other animals
3) omnivores - feed on plants and animals

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3
Q

Describe the 4 stages of food processing

A

1) Ingestion
2) Digestion
3) Absorption
4) Elimination

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4
Q

Mechanical vs Chemical digestion

A

Mechanical mainly takes place in the stomach with churning of food while chemical mainly takes place in the small intestine

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5
Q

How does hydrolysis relate to digestion?

A

I relates to the removal of water. Water is removed from food in the large intestine

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6
Q

Hydrolases

A

They break down food into monomers

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7
Q

What is the importance of digestive compartments?

A

Allows chemical digestion to be contained safely

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8
Q

What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and a digestive tube?

A

A gastrovascular cavity is a simple pouch hwere foods are digested where a digestive tract contains many organs used to digest food

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9
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Path food takes from the mouth to the anus in which food is ingested….digested…absorbed….and removed as waste

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10
Q

Which organs are part of the alimentary canal?

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • anus
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11
Q

Which are the accesory organs?

A

salivary glands
liver
pancreas

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12
Q

Functions of the oral cavity

A

For ingestion and first steps of digestion

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13
Q

What organs does the pharynx connect to?

A

The esophagus and the stomach

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14
Q

What is the difference between the esophagus and the trachea?

A

The esophagus leads to the stomach and the trachea leads to windpipe

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15
Q

Function of epiglottis

A

closes the windpipe entrance when swallowing food

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16
Q

What is the composition and function of the esophagus?

A

A muscular tube which made up of smooth muscle which contracts to move food to the stomach

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17
Q

Perisalsis concept

A

muscle contraction which moves food down the esophagus to the stomach

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18
Q

What happens in the stomach?

A

chemical and mechanical digestion but mainly mechanical

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19
Q

Gastric Juice

A

secreted by stomach lining to help break down food

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20
Q

Acid Chyme and releases them

A

Food which has been churned into a thick soup

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21
Q

Gastric ulcers

A

erosions in the stomach lining caused by bacteria

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22
Q

Describe function of the small intestine and its 3 parts

A

Its main function is for chemical digestion and the 3 parts are:

1) duodenum (digestion)
2) jejunum (absorption)
3) ileum (absorption)

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23
Q

Decribe villi and microvilli

A

Tiny hair like structures found on the small intestinal wall which aid in absorption of food molecules

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24
Q

Regarding digestion…what are the funtions of the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder?

A

The pancreas and liver secretes chemicals which aid in the breakdown of food while the gall bladder stores those secretions and releases them when needed

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25
Q

What are the 3 parts of the large intestine?

A

1) colon
2) rectum
3) anus

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26
Q

Describe what food acts as

A

Food acts as fuel energy for cellular functions and as building materials to make needed components

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27
Q

Definition of calorie

A

The amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree C………used to measure energy stored and energy expended

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28
Q

Essential Nutrients

A

substances required by the body which it cannot make own its own

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29
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic substances required in the diet

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30
Q

Minerals

A

Inorganic substances required in the diet

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31
Q

Malnutrition

A

Deficiency of one or more essential nutrients in the diet

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32
Q

Undernutrition

A

Lack of fuel energy

Inadequate intake of calories

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33
Q

Obesity

A

Excessive weight compared to height

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34
Q

Function of circulatory systems

A

To facilitate the exchange of materials and distribute chemicals in the body

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35
Q

Components of the circulatory system

A

1) Central Pump (heart)
2) Vascular System (blood vessels)
3) Circulating Fluid

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36
Q

Open vs.Closed circulatory system

A

Closed: Blood remians confined to blood vessels
Open: Blood can leave from the blood vessels

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37
Q

Systole

A

Heart contraction / Ventricles contract first

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38
Q

Diastole

A

Heart rest

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39
Q

Natural pacemaker concept

A

The SA node is considered the heart’s natural pacemake producing electrical impulses

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40
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Fluid found in between cells

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41
Q

Describe the cirulatory circuits in humans

A

1) Pulmonary Circuit: Blood pumps from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
2) Systemic Circuit: Blood pums from the heart to the tissues and back to the heart

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42
Q

Oxygenated blood vs Deoxygenaed blood

A

Oxygenated blood is high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide.

Deoxygenated blood is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide

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43
Q

What type of muscle is the heart made of?

A

Involuntary cardiac muscle

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44
Q

Describe the chambers in the heart

A

There are four chambers. Right and left atria and right and left ventricles

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45
Q

Which side pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit and which to the systemic circuit

A

Right side to the pulmonary circuit and the left side to the systemic circuit

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46
Q

Artificial pacemaker concept

A

Helps the heart artificially maintain a normal rhytthm

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47
Q

Describe arteries, veins, and capillaries and how they are different

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart

Veins carry blood towards the heart and contain one way valves so blood flows in only one direction

Capillaries allow for exchange between the blood and cells

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48
Q

Blood Pressure

A

Force that blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels

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49
Q

Pulse

A

The rythmic stretching of the ateries cause by pressure of blood

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50
Q

Hypertension

A

Another name for high blood pressure

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51
Q

What causes blood to flow to the capillary beds?

A

Blood pressure

52
Q

What happens at the capillaries?

A

CO2 and waste diffuse from tissue cells into capillary bloodstream while bloodpressure pushes oxygen and nutrients into the interstitial fluid to diffuse into the cells

53
Q

What causes blood to return to the heart from the capillary beds?

A

Blood returns to the heart via the veins due to low pressure. Veins have valves which prevent blood from flowing backwards. Muscles contract to squeeze blood along

54
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Plasma and cellular elements

55
Q

How much of the blood is plasma?

A

Just over half

56
Q

What are the cellular elements of blood?

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

57
Q

What are the scientific names for red and white blood cells and platelets?

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

58
Q

What determines an individuals blood type?

A

Carbohydrates containing molecules on the surface of red blood cells determine the blood type

59
Q

What do red blood cells do for the body and how is hemoglobin involved?

A

Red blood cells transport oxygen by using hemoglobin

60
Q

Clotting process

A

> Platelets release molecules that convert fibrinogen into fibrin…which ultimately forms a dense network of threadlike protein into a patch

61
Q

What percentage of fatalities in the USA is caused by cardivascular disease?

A

40%

62
Q

Heart attack definition and cause

A

Death of heart muscle cells cause by blocked artery

63
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Disease of the atreries where they gradually become blocked with plaque of cholesterol

64
Q

Anemia

A

Caused by iron deficiency and involves low amounts of hemoglobin or red blood cells

65
Q

Pathogens

A

Microorganisms that cause disease

66
Q

Signature molecules concept

A

All cells have a signature to identify them from foreign cells

67
Q

Describe the 3 lines of defense of the body

A

1) External (non-specific) > hair, skin, tears

2) Innate Immunity (non-specific)

68
Q

Non specific versus specific defense

A

Non specific defense involves the body attacking any and all foreign invaders while specific defense involes attacking a specific type of invader

69
Q

What are some physical and chemical exterior barriers?

A

Physical: hair in nostrils, mucous, skin, cilia
Chemical: tears, saliva, sweat

70
Q

Describe chemical and chemical components of the innate immune system

A

White blood caells and defensive proteins

71
Q

Leukocyte

A

white blood cells

72
Q

What is the function of macrophages, neutrophils, and NK cells?

A

To attack microbes directly and impede their reproduction

73
Q

Describe complement proteins

A

They work to complement the work of the white blood cells to destroy attckers. They develop holes in membranes of foreign cells. they act as markers to identify foreign cells, and they recruit neutrophils

74
Q

Interferon

A

a non specific defense against viruses which is released by the virus infected cell

75
Q

Describe the inflammatory response

A

It is a non specific response to tissue damage. Redness and swelling occurs from increased blood flow to the area and leaky capillaries

76
Q

Describe the lymphatic system

A

It controls the adaptive immune system and returns tissue fluids back to the circulatory system. Organs involved are:

tonsils, spleen, thymus, appendix

77
Q

Describe adaptive immune system

A

The 3rd line of defense where the body resists spcific invaders utilizing specialized cells

78
Q

Antigens

A

Foreign substances that bring about an immune response

79
Q

Antibodies

A

Proteins found in blood plasma that attach to a particular type of antigen

80
Q

Immunity

A

resistence to specific invaders typically aquired by natural infection

81
Q

Active vs Passive immunity

A

active involves stimulating the body to defend itself while passive immunity is aquired by receiving pre-made antibodies

82
Q

Vaccination purpose

A

Trigger the immune system

83
Q

Lymphocytes

A

They are a specific type of white blood cell found mostly in the lymphatic system. Produce adaptive immune response

84
Q

B cells vs T cells

A

B cells develop in bone marrow while T cells mature in the thymus. Most active in the adaptive immune system

85
Q

Humoral immune response vs Cell mediated immune response

A

Humoral > B cells secrete antibodies

Cell mediate > T cells circulate in the blood and lymph and attck infected cells

86
Q

Types of B cells

A

Memory > Long lived cells with instructions to make a specific antibody
Plasma / Effector > B cells that live for about 2 weeks and secrete large amounts of a specific antibody

87
Q

How do antibodies function?

A

They bind to certain antigens

88
Q

Clonal Selection

A

The immune system selects which antibodies it needs to mass produce

89
Q

Primary immune response vs secondary immune response

A

Primary takes several days to produce plasma cells but afterwards the secondary immune response is produced when the same antigen is encountered again. This happens faster because of the increased presence of memory cells

90
Q

Types of T cells

A

T cells respond to pathogens already in the body. Helper T cells bind to other white blood cells that previously encountered an antigen

Killer T cells actually kill other cells.

91
Q

Define allergies

A

Abnormal sensitivities to antigens in the immune system

92
Q

Define allergin

A

Antigens that cause allergies

93
Q

What is epinephrine?

A

Counteracts allergic reaction

94
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

The body’s own immune system turns against itself

95
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

Immune components are lacking

96
Q

Leukemia

A

Cancer of the white blood cells. Higher than normal white blood cells which are non functional

97
Q

AIDS

A

Attacks T cells

98
Q

Endocrine system function

A

Internal chemical communication regulation.

99
Q

Hormones

A

Regulatory chemicals made by the endocrine glands which affect specific sites or tissues in the body

100
Q

How are hormones transported through the body?

A

The bloodstream

101
Q

Target Cell

A

The cell efeected by the hormone

102
Q

Hydrophilic hormone vs hydrophobic hormone

A

Hydrophilic hormones cannot pass thru the plasma membrane while hydrophobic hormans can pass through the plasma membrane

103
Q

Which organs are present in the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus is the master organ, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glans, pancreas, ovaries, testies

104
Q

Hypothalmus (location and function)

A

It is the main control center of the endocrine system located in the brain

105
Q

Anterior vs posteriorpituitary gland

A

Also found in brain. Anterior synthesizes its own hormones.Also secretes growth hormone

Posterior stores and secretes hormones made in the hypothalmus

106
Q

Growth Hormone

A

Produced in the anterior pituitary and targets bones and muscles

107
Q

Consequences of too much or too little growth hormone

A

Too much during childhood results in gigantism

Too much in adulthood results in acromegaly

Too little results in dwarfism

108
Q

Thyroid gland function and location

A

Located in the neck. Controls oxygen consumption, metabolism, and development

109
Q

Describe hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism

A

Hyperthyroidism is over production of thyroid hormone and hypothyroidism is under production of thyroid hormone

110
Q

Parathyroid gland function and location

A

Located on the back of the thyroid which produce a hormone that regulates calcium

111
Q

Explain calcitonin vs parathyroid hormone

A

They have opposite effects that help regulate calcium. Parathyroid hormone causes bones to release calcium and calcitonin causes bones to store calcium. Both hormones are said to be antagonists

112
Q

Pancreas (function and location

A

Manages the body’s energy supplies. Located in the abdomen

113
Q

Insulin vs glucogen

A

The source is the pancreas. They help maintain a balance of blood glucose and stored glucose

114
Q

What causes diabetes and how are Type 1 and 2 different?

A

Caused when individuals cannot regulate their blood glucose levels.
Type 1 is when the production of insulin is absent or defective.
Type 2 is too little insulin or cells respond poorly

115
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Directly above each kidney

116
Q

Adrenal cortex vs adrenal madulla

A

The adrenal cortex secrete hormones for a slower and long lasting response to stress

The adrenal madulla produces fight or flight hormones

117
Q

What type of hormones do the gonads produce?

A

Sex hormones

118
Q

Androgens

A

male sex hormones / stimulate the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system

119
Q

Estrogens

A

female sex hormones / maintain the female reproductive system and promotes the development of specific female features

120
Q

Progestins

A

pregnancy hormones / prepares the uterus to support an embryo

121
Q

What causes an embyo to develop into a male or a female?

A

Y or X chromosome

122
Q

Puberty

A

Point hwere level of sex hormones increase

123
Q

Gonadtropin

A

Produced by pituitary and coordinates development of sperm in males and regulates the reproductive cycle in females

124
Q

Ovulation

A

Releasing of an egg

125
Q

The female reproductive system is syncronized by hormones from where?

A

From the anterior pituitary and the ovaries

Biology 189 (2 decks)

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