Exam 4

Question 1

Which of the following parents exhibit an authoritarian parenting style?

Answer 1

low responsive warmth, supportiveness… high behavioral control, demandingness

Question 2

Which of the following is among Harris’ main points on parenting?

Answer 2

Parents do not matter as much as peers (parents have no long term effects)

2. Parents importance to their children’s development is limited to: genetic contributions, choosing children’s contexts
3. Socialization is group based (parents groups influence children’s groups, group processes are critical in ontogeny (devel. of organism) and phylogeny (devel. of group)

Question 3

Imagine you are a prominent scholar in the field of parenting. You are most likely to describe parenting in terms of what two dimensions?

Answer 3

behavioral control, demandingness (vs) Responsive warmth, supportiveness

Question 4

According to Lansford et al. (2005), parents’ physical discipline of children is NOT strongly related to child maladjustment (e.g., aggression, anxiety) in countries where physical discipline is:

Answer 4

is normative social behavior … The culture, mother and child accept it as the normative behavior. And they perceive this behavior as appropriate

Question 5

Espelage and colleagues (2014) extended existing research on family violence and adolescent adjustment by doing all of the following EXCEPT:

Answer 5

their study utilized social interaction learning theory as a framework for examining the associations among family violence, bullying, perpetration, fighting, and adolescent substance use.
they assessed both family violence and sibling aggression in this study.

Question 6

Which of the following is true in about how Lansford et al. (2005) measured normativeness in their study?

Answer 6

Took average of mothers reports of use of physical discipline compared to perceived societal/cultural use of physical discipline/and child’s perceived normativeness of discipline

• discipline interviews with mother and child
• child behavior checklist/self report of types of discipline

(6 cultures, middle class; own use/others use of discipline, perceived normativeness/actual normativeness)

Question 7

Results from Tu et al. (2014) provided evidence of the importance of a person-environment fit by showing that:

Answer 7

Parental directing can have benefits for adolescent peer adjustment but both the manner in which the directing is done (e.g., parenting style) and the adolescent’s individual characteristics (e.g., physiological reactivity) influence the outcomes.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of permissive parenting:

Answer 8

Permissive parenting is best described as high warm and supportiveness
and low behavioral control

(lenient, no guidelines, over involved, blurred roles, indulgent)

Question 9

The use of particular disciplinary techniques by parents is influenced by:

Answer 9

many factors that include parents’ beliefs and cultural background, child’s age and characteristics

Question 10

Lansford et al. (2005) measured actual normativeness of physical discipline by…

Answer 10

Normativeness was derived from taking the average of mothers’ reports of their own use of physical discipline and crossing this report with mothers perceived cultural normativeness, children’s perceived cultural normativeness

Question 11

In The Nurture Assumption, Harris concluded that

Answer 11

the parenting ‘industry’ serves a great demand but no purpose.
that children would develop into the same adults if left in same environment and cultural groups, but switched all the parents around.

Question 12

Henry Stack Sullivan focused on interpersonal relationships between:

Answer 12

An individual and a “chum.” or best friend

• friendship can be a buffer, promoter, and protector
• important in all fields of value

Question 13

Rodkin and Roisman (2010) determined which participants in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care were popular by asking:

Answer 13

Teachers to rank children (on scale of 1-10) based on their popularity with other same sex children in the classroom
Criterion for being popular is top third of ranking in grades 3,4,5,6

Question 14

Social conformity is best described by which of the following:

Answer 14

reflects a social “pressure” to change one’s behavior or beliefs in order to fit in with the group.

Question 15

Which of the following best reflects the results of Laursen et al. (2007) study?

Answer 15

for children without friends, higher levels of social isolation during first grade predicted increases in internalizing and externalizing problems during second grade, and higher levels of internalizing and externalizing problems during first grade predicted increases in social isolation during second grade. More prone to maladjustment for kids without friends .For children with friends, there were no prospective links

Question 16

Social isolation has been considered an index of exclusion while social participation reflects which of the following:

Answer 16

An index of inclusion, measured by the number of positive social engagement nominations a child receives

Question 17

The halo effect is best described as:

Answer 17

A cognitive bias in which our impression of a person influences our feelings about that person’s characteristics, skills, or properties - confirmation bias issues

Question 18

According to Rubin et al. (1998), peer rejection:

Answer 18

represents a risk factor for normal [academic and psychological] development. Furthermore, the data… reveal that the types of friends a child may have, or the groups in which he or she participates, may influence individual adaptation… [K]nowledge of a child’s peer rejection or lack of friendships in childhood should raise a warning flag for teachers, parents, and professionals.

Question 19

Findings from Erath and Tu (2013) suggest that children’s social competence in stressful peer situations derive from which of the following:

Answer 19

-physiology and their response to peer related stress
-higher RSAR may support social competence
our biological reactivity impacts our response to a situation (stressful or otherwise) and can serve as a risk or protective factor against our voluntary responses to those circumstances.

Question 20

The proportion of children who conformed in the speak/conflict conditions of the Haun and Tomasello (2011) research was:

Answer 20

3/4ths of children conformed at least once and was

higher when the response was public

Question 21

Which of the following implications for prevention can be deduced from Laursen et al. (2007)?

Answer 21

1. Presence of even one friend can prevent social isolation
2. Adjustment problems and bullying are moderated by: presence of a friend, number of friends, and quality of friendships
   - Peer problems most strongly linked to adjustment problems among children without friends

Question 22

According to Rodkin and Roisman (2010), tough children:

Answer 22

popular-aggressive

are highly disruptive and have high social skills but have low cognition and low sensitivity

Question 23

From the point of view of Haun and Tomasello (2011), conformity:

Answer 23

serves a crucially important function in the transmission of human culture by promoting in-group uniformity

Question 24

According to Rubin et al. (1998) and the classic sociometric view, popular children are:

Answer 24

1. skilled at initiating and maintaining qualitatively positive relationships
2. viewed as cooperative, friendly, sociable, and sensitive

Question 25

Laursen et al. (2007) found that having a single friend:

Answer 25

Can serve as a buffer against a downward spiral of social isolation and maladjustment including victimization by peers