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Chem 108 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

The monomer of both starch and cellulose is

A

glucose

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2
Q

The primary function of polysaccharides in animals is to

A

store energy in chemical bonds

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3
Q

When glycogen is broken down into sugar what type of reaction occurs?

A

hydrolysis

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4
Q

Waxes and fats are classified as

A

lipids

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5
Q

In order for the acid-base reaction called saponification to occur what must react?

A

lipids and NaOH

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6
Q

What two functional groups are necessary for a compound to be classified as an amino acid

A

COOH and NH2

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7
Q

Name three lipids that contain the steroid core in their structure

A

cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen

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8
Q

Name a monosaccharide, disaccharide & a polysaccharide

A
  1. glucose
  2. sucrose
  3. starch
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9
Q

What are the two lipoproteins?

A

HDL & LDL

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10
Q

Why do living organisms need lipoproteins?

A

lipids are nonpolar so attaching them to water-soluble proteins helps transport them through the blood

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11
Q

Lactose and Sucrose are both examples of

A

disaccharides

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12
Q

Carbohydrates made up of long chains of glucose units are called

A

polysaccharides

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13
Q

The polysaccharide that plants use for storing energy is

A

starch

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14
Q

Many animals store carbohydrates in the form of

A

glycogen

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15
Q

Which class of biomolecules includes fats, oils, waxes, steroids, and cholesterol?

A

lipids

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16
Q

What are the four factors that affect enzyme activity?

A

1) Temperature
2) pH
3) concentration of enzyme or substrate
4) inhibitors

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17
Q

What is starch made up of?

A

1) Amylose

2) Amylopectin

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18
Q

What is a normal blood glucose level?

A

70-120 mg/dl

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19
Q

What protein structure does this describe?

Peptide bonds join amino acids in a polypeptide chain

A

1st degree or Primary

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20
Q

What protein structure does this describe?

An active protein contains four tertiary subunits

A

4th degree or Quaternary

21
Q

What protein structure does this describe?

Hydrogen bonding between amino acids along the polypeptide allows for a helical shape

A

2nd degree or Secondary

22
Q

What protein structure does this describe?

Hydrophobic chains seeking a nonpolar environment move toward the inside of the folded protein

A

3rd degree or Tertiary

23
Q

How does heating a protein about 50 degrees C denature a protein?

A

Heat energy excites molecules and disrupts/breaks 2nd and 3rd-degree structure

24
Q

What type of interaction holds complementary base pairs of DNA together?

A

Hydrogen bonding

25
Q

A change in the DNA base sequence that alters the formation of a protein in a cell

A

Mutation

26
Q

The interpretation of the codons in mRNA as amino acids in a peptide

A

translation

27
Q

Contains RNA as its genetic material and synthesizes a complementary DNA strand inside the cell

A

Retrovirus

28
Q

The transfer of genetic information from DNA by the formation of mRNA

A

Transcription

29
Q

Process of duplicating DNA by pairing the bases on each parent strand with their complementary base

A

Replication

30
Q

Achiral compounds are those which…

A

have no “handedness”

31
Q

Amylose is a….

A

Polysaccharide

32
Q

Cellulose is not digestible by humans because it contains glucose units linked by _____-glycosidic bonds.

A

B-1,4

33
Q

Amylose is a form of starch which has

A

only a-1,4-links bonds glucose units

34
Q

Cellulose is a polysaccharide which has

A

only B-1,4-bonds between glucose units

35
Q

What happens to water solubility as the hydrocarbon chain length increases in carboxylic acids?

A

it decreases

36
Q

What kinds of attractive forces do alcohols form between individuals?

A

hydrogen bonds

37
Q

The structural formulas of amino acids are the same except for the____

A

R-group

38
Q

The peptide bonds that link amino acids in a protein are

A

Amide Bonds

39
Q

A chain made of more than 50 amino acids that has biological activity is referred to as a

A

protein

40
Q

What are secondary protein structures?

A

a-helix
B-sheet
triple helix

41
Q

a monosaccharide found in fruit juices and honey, the sweetest carbohydrate

A

fructose

42
Q

a disaccharide consisting of glucose and fructose

A

galactose

43
Q

a carbohydrate that cannot be digested by humans

A

cellulose

44
Q

a carbohydrate that stores energy in the human body

A

glycogen

45
Q

a carbohydrate that is used to build cell walls in plants

A

cellulose

46
Q

an unbranched carbohydrate that stores glucose in plants

A

amylose

47
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids have lower melting points than saturated fatty acids because

A

the cis double bonds give them an irregular shape

48
Q

Glycerophospholipids can interact both with other lipids and water because they contain

A

polar regions and nonpolar regions

Chem 108 (2 decks)

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