Exam 4 Flashcards
The monomer of both starch and cellulose is
glucose
The primary function of polysaccharides in animals is to
store energy in chemical bonds
When glycogen is broken down into sugar what type of reaction occurs?
hydrolysis
Waxes and fats are classified as
lipids
In order for the acid-base reaction called saponification to occur what must react?
lipids and NaOH
What two functional groups are necessary for a compound to be classified as an amino acid
COOH and NH2
Name three lipids that contain the steroid core in their structure
cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen
Name a monosaccharide, disaccharide & a polysaccharide
- glucose
- sucrose
- starch
What are the two lipoproteins?
HDL & LDL
Why do living organisms need lipoproteins?
lipids are nonpolar so attaching them to water-soluble proteins helps transport them through the blood
Lactose and Sucrose are both examples of
disaccharides
Carbohydrates made up of long chains of glucose units are called
polysaccharides
The polysaccharide that plants use for storing energy is
starch
Many animals store carbohydrates in the form of
glycogen
Which class of biomolecules includes fats, oils, waxes, steroids, and cholesterol?
lipids
What are the four factors that affect enzyme activity?
1) Temperature
2) pH
3) concentration of enzyme or substrate
4) inhibitors
What is starch made up of?
1) Amylose
2) Amylopectin
What is a normal blood glucose level?
70-120 mg/dl
What protein structure does this describe?
Peptide bonds join amino acids in a polypeptide chain
1st degree or Primary
What protein structure does this describe?
An active protein contains four tertiary subunits
4th degree or Quaternary
What protein structure does this describe?
Hydrogen bonding between amino acids along the polypeptide allows for a helical shape
2nd degree or Secondary
What protein structure does this describe?
Hydrophobic chains seeking a nonpolar environment move toward the inside of the folded protein
3rd degree or Tertiary
How does heating a protein about 50 degrees C denature a protein?
Heat energy excites molecules and disrupts/breaks 2nd and 3rd-degree structure
What type of interaction holds complementary base pairs of DNA together?
Hydrogen bonding
A change in the DNA base sequence that alters the formation of a protein in a cell
Mutation
The interpretation of the codons in mRNA as amino acids in a peptide
translation
Contains RNA as its genetic material and synthesizes a complementary DNA strand inside the cell
Retrovirus
The transfer of genetic information from DNA by the formation of mRNA
Transcription
Process of duplicating DNA by pairing the bases on each parent strand with their complementary base
Replication
Achiral compounds are those which…
have no “handedness”
Amylose is a….
Polysaccharide
Cellulose is not digestible by humans because it contains glucose units linked by _____-glycosidic bonds.
B-1,4
Amylose is a form of starch which has
only a-1,4-links bonds glucose units
Cellulose is a polysaccharide which has
only B-1,4-bonds between glucose units
What happens to water solubility as the hydrocarbon chain length increases in carboxylic acids?
it decreases
What kinds of attractive forces do alcohols form between individuals?
hydrogen bonds
The structural formulas of amino acids are the same except for the____
R-group
The peptide bonds that link amino acids in a protein are
Amide Bonds
A chain made of more than 50 amino acids that has biological activity is referred to as a
protein
What are secondary protein structures?
a-helix
B-sheet
triple helix
a monosaccharide found in fruit juices and honey, the sweetest carbohydrate
fructose
a disaccharide consisting of glucose and fructose
galactose
a carbohydrate that cannot be digested by humans
cellulose
a carbohydrate that stores energy in the human body
glycogen
a carbohydrate that is used to build cell walls in plants
cellulose
an unbranched carbohydrate that stores glucose in plants
amylose
Unsaturated fatty acids have lower melting points than saturated fatty acids because
the cis double bonds give them an irregular shape
Glycerophospholipids can interact both with other lipids and water because they contain
polar regions and nonpolar regions
