Exam 4-7 Flashcards
Saturated Fats
Types of lipids that have a hydrogen atom attached to every chemical bond and, therefore, do not have a double bond in their chemical composition. Saturated fats tend to be solid at room temperature and a major source is animal products
Trans Fats
Hydrogenated vegetable oils are unsaturated fats that have been converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
Believed to cause heart disease.
Triglycerides
Lipids containing a glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acid chains; chemical form in which most fats exist in food and in the body (p. 46).
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFAs)
Fatty acids that have two carbons in the chain bound to each other with one double bond; these types of fatty acids are generally liquid at room temperature. Olive oil, canola oil, cashew nuts
Polyunsaturated Fatty acids (PUFAs)
Fatty acid with more than one double bond (or many carbons not bonded to a hydrogen atom) Least amount of hydrogen CottonSeed, corn oil, canola, walnuts
Essential Fatty Acids
Fats needed by the body that must be consumed in the diet because the human body cannot manufacture them
Eicosanoids
Derived from arachidonic acid (a 20 carbon fatty acid); controls several body systems and functions in immunity, inflammation, and serves as messengers in the CNS
Linoleic acid
An essential fatty acid not made in the body but which is essential for growth and healthy skin. Also known as omega-6 fatty acid. Found in vegies and nut oil
Arachidonic acid
An omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid w/20 carbons and 4 double bonds, formed from linoleic acid and is used to make compounds that regulate body functions such as blood clotting and blood pressure
Alpha-linolenic acid
An essential fatty acid found in leafy green vegetables, flaxseed oil, soy oil, fish oil, and fish products; an omega-3 fatty acid.
Phospholipids
A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
Sterols
Lipids that are composed of three six carbon rings and one five carbon ring fused together forming the basic structure for cholesterol, bile salts and many hormones such as cortisols, estrogens, androgens, and progesterones
Lipolysis
Breakdown of triglycerides
Fatty acid oxidation
…2-carbon fragments split off from fatty acid and combine with a molecule of CoA, making acetyl CoA. As each fragment splits off, hydrogens and their electrons go with coenzymes to the electron transport chain. This occurs in the mitochondria of cells.
Kreb’s cycle
In all plants and animals: a series of enzymatic reactions in mitochondria involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl compounds to produce high-energy phosphate compounds that are the source of cellular energy
Coronary Heart Disease
Clogging of vessels that nourish the heart muscle; leading cause of death in many developed countries; can be caused by hypertension, smoking, obesity, family history, hi-fat diet, physical inactivity, elevated cholesterol level and stress.
Atherosclerosis
A stage of arteriosclerosis involving fatty deposits (atheromas) inside the arterial walls
Ischemia
To hold back blood; decreased blood flow to tissue caused by constriction or occlusion of a blood vessel
Angina
A heart condition marked by paroxysms of chest pain due to reduced oxygen to the heart
Myocardial infarction
Destruction of heart tissue resulting from obstruction of the blood supply to the heart muscle
Modifiable heart disease
Sodium intake, cigarette smoking, obesity, heavy alcohol consumption, dietary intake of potassium, calcium and magnesium
Non-modifiable heart disease
Family History Age Gender (M>F)
Etiology of atherosclerosis
HDL
A lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood
composed of a high proportion of protein and relatively little cholesterol; high levels are thought to be associated with decreased risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis
LDL
A lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood
composed of moderate amount of protein and a large amount of cholesterol; high levels are thought to be associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis
Hypertension
A common disorder in which blood pressure remains abnormally high (a reading of 140/90 mm Hg or greater)
