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HORT 3084: Plant propagation > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The environment during graft healing is important because we are encouraging new cell growth.
The temperature range should be:

A

55-90 degrees Fahrenheit

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2
Q

During graft healing, if exposed to drying air the graft will not take.

A

True

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3
Q

Until vascular connections are formed between rootstock and scion, what provides the initial pathway for water?

A

The callus bridge

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4
Q

When should outdoor grafting generally take place?

A

Spring, when favorable temperatures are expected.

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5
Q

During high temperature conditions whitewashing the graft union area promotes what?

A

Healing

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6
Q

How does whitewashing promote healing?

A

The whitewash reflects the light and keeps the graft union area cooler.

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7
Q

What are some factors that influence graft healing?

A 
Incompatibility 
Kind of plant
Environment
Growth of stock plant
Grafting technique 
Viral diseases or insect contamination 
"Bleeding" (excessive sap flow)
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8
Q

What is “bleeding”?

A

A process in which a plant has strong root pressure that causes excess sap flow that can reduce grafting success.

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9
Q

How can “bleeding” be overcome?

A

Can be overcome by making slanting knife cuts (through the bark and into the xylem) below the graft.

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10
Q

Proper __________ is essential for permanent success in grafting.

A

Polarity

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11
Q

Distal end

A

The end farthest from the stem-root junction.

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12
Q

Proximal end

A

The end closest to the crown (root and shoot junction).

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13
Q

Polarity in top-grafting

A

The proximal end of the scion is attached to the distal end of the rootstock.

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14
Q

Polarity in root grafting

A

The proximal end of the scion is joined to the proximal end of the rootstock.

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15
Q

Nurse-root grafting

A

A temporary graft system to allow a difficult-to-root plant to form its own adventitious roots.

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16
Q

Where is the graft placed on a nurse-root graft?

A

The graft is placed well below the soil surface to encourage roots to form on the scion.

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17
Q

In nurse-root grafting, how can rooting be promoted on the scion?

A

Scion rooting can be promoted by applying auxin to vertical cuts at the base of the scion.

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18
Q

In nurse-root grafting, the nurse-root system eventually_______.

A

Dies

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19
Q

Graft compatibility

A

The ability of two different plants, grafted together, to produce a successful union and develop satisfactorily into one composite plant.

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20
Q

Grafting within a clone is_________ _________.

A

Mostly successful

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21
Q

Grafting within a genus but between species depends on the __________, and is often ____________.

A

Depends on the species, is often successful

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22
Q

When grafting within a genus but between species, success is often dependent on which is the _________ and which is the __________.

A

Stock, scion

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23
Q

Reciprocal grafting (species used for scion is then used for rootstock and species used as rootstock then used as the scion) is often ______ _____________.

A

Not successful

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24
Q

Success of grafting between genera is ______, but sometimes works within the same family.

A

Rare

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25
Q

Success of grafting between families is __________ _____________.

A

Usually impossible

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26
Q

Incompatibility

A

Failure of graft healing into a successful union.

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27
Q

Monocots, in general are not good candidates for grafting.

A

True

The scattered vascular bundles in their stems are difficult to match between the rootstock and scion.

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28
Q

Grafting success is common amongst dicots and conifers.

A

True

Their vascular tissue and vascular cambium are arranged in easily discernible rings.

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29
Q

List the 8 symptoms of graft incompatibility:

A
  1. Failure to form a successful graft or bud union in a high percentage of cases.
  2. Yellow foliage late in the season followed by early defoliation, shoot dieback and general ill health of the tree.
  3. Premature death after only 1 to 2 years in the nursery.
  4. Marked differences in growth rate and vigor between the rootstock and scion.
  5. Differences between the rootstock and scion in the time at which vegetative growth begins and ends.
  6. Overgrowths at, above, or below the graft union.
  7. Suckering of the rootstock.
  8. Graft components break apart cleanly at the union.
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30
Q

What are the two types of incompatibility?

A

Nontranslocatable (localized)

Translocatable

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31
Q

Nontranslocatable incompatibility depends on what?

A

Actual contact between the rootstock and scion.

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32
Q

Nontraslocatable (localized) incompatibility can be overcome by placing a mutually compatible ___________ between the rootstock and scion.

A

Interstock

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33
Q

Translocatable incompatibility is an incompatibility which is _____ ___________ by insertion of a mutually compatible __________.

A

Not overcome, interstock

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34
Q

Translocatable incompatibility occurs because some _____________ influence moves across the interstock to eliminate compatibility.

A

Biochemical

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35
Q

Reciprocal grafts may work for translocated incompatibility.

A

True

36
Q

List the six effects of the rootstock on the scion:

A
  1. Can influence size and growth habit
  2. Fruiting (may increase fruit production or fruiting may occur earlier in life of plant).
  3. Size, quality and maturity of fruit
  4. Increased nitrogen efficiency
  5. Disease resistance
  6. Increased winter hardiness
37
Q

List the 2 effects of the scion on the rootstock:

A
  1. Vigor (can be increased or decreased)

2. Cold hardiness (scion often decreases winter-hardiness of the rootstock)

38
Q

List the effects of an interstock:

A
  1. Can induce dwarfing of both the rootstock and scion.

2. Can cause early fruit bearing on the scion.

39
Q

List the two possibilities for correcting incompatibility:

A
  1. Possibly a bridge graft could be done

2. Inarch with seedlings of a compatible rootstock

40
Q

Inarching

A

A form of repair grafting that is used to repair damaged roots on a desirable plant.
Seedlings or rooted cuttings are planted next to the damaged tree and grafted on.

41
Q

Bridge graft

A

A form of repair grafting that is used to repair a damaged trunk when the root system is not damaged.

42
Q

Whip-and-tongue graft is good for __________ diameter plant material.

A

1/4 to 1/2 inch

43
Q

Cleft graft is often used for top working because the stock can be much larger than the scion.

A

True

44
Q

On a cleft graft the stock is ________ inches in diameter.

A

1 to 4

45
Q

A splice graft is done the same way as a whip-and-tongue graft except that the __________ is not made on the stock or scion.

A

Second (back) cut

46
Q

What are the 3 types of Approach grafts?

A

Spliced approach graft
Tongued approach graft
Inlay approach graft

47
Q

What are the 3 types of repair grafts?

A

Inarching
Bridge graft
Bracing

48
Q

What are the types of Root grafting?

A

Whole-root and piece-root grafting

Nurse-root grafting

49
Q

What are the types of Bark grafting?

A 
Bark graft (rind graft)
Inlay bark graft
50
Q

What are the types of Side grafting?

A

Side-stub graft
Side-tongue graft
Side-veneer graft
Side insertion graft (used with vegetables)

51
Q

What are the types of apical grafting?

A 
Whip-and-tongue graft
Splice graft
Cleft graft
Wedge graft
Saddle graft
Four-flap graft
Hole insertion graft
52
Q

Budding techniques use a scion that consists of a single _____ and a piece of bark with or without wood.

A

Bud

53
Q

In most budding procedures, the bark must be __________.

A

Slipping

54
Q

What does it mean for bark to be “slipping”?

A

Slipping is when the bark is actively growing.

55
Q

What is the main advantage of budding instead of grafting?

A

Many more scions (individual buds) can be obtained from a given piece of stem.

56
Q

When is Spring budding done?

A

In spring after active growth starts, but before the rootstock puts on much growth.

57
Q

Budding material is collected in winter and placed in cold storage because buds must be __________ when budded onto the stock.

A

Dormant

58
Q

When is June budding done?

A

Before mid-June

59
Q

When is Summer budding done?

A

Late summer to early fall (mid-July to early September).

60
Q

What are the types of Budding?

A 
T or shield budding
Inverted T bud
Patch budding
Chip budding 
Top budding
61
Q

Doubleworking by budding

A

The intermediate stock is budded onto the rootstock, then the following year, the scion is budded onto the interstock piece.

62
Q

What is plant pathology?

A

Study of plant diseases.

63
Q

Define what a plant disease is.

A

An impairment of the normal state of a plant that continuously interrupts or modifies its vital functions.

64
Q

Plant diseases can be caused by _________ and __________ disease agents.

A

Non-infectious and infectious

65
Q

What are the different types of plant pathogens?

A

Fungi
Bacteria
Viruses and viroids
Nematodes

66
Q

What are the three factors of the Disease Triangle, that must be present in order for disease to develop?

A

Susceptible host
Virulent pathogen
Favorable environment

67
Q

Most specialized structures function primarily as food storage organs.

A

True

68
Q

A propagation procedure that uses production of naturally detachable structures such as bulbs or corms.

A

Separation

69
Q

A propagation procedure in which the plant is cut into sections as in rhizomes, tubers and tuberous roots.

A

Division

70
Q

A specialized underground organ, which consist of a short, fleshy stem axis (basal plate) with a growing point or flower primordium enclosed by thick, fleshy scales

A

Bulb

71
Q

Parts of a Bulb

A

Basal plate
Bulb scales
Vegetative meristem or unexpanded flower shoot

72
Q

Aerial bulbs found in the leaf axils on the aerial part of the stem.

A

Bulbils

73
Q

Bulbs found in the bulb scales (at the base) of bulbs.

A

Bulblets

74
Q

Bulblets grown to full size.

A

Offset

75
Q

Tunicate bulb

A

Outer scales are dry and membranous to provide protection from drying and mechanical injury.

76
Q

Nontunicate bulbs

A

No dry covering. Scales are separate and attached to the basal plate. Bulbs are easily damaged, so they must be handled carefully.

77
Q

Many bulbs have _____________ that shorten and pull the bulb deeper into the ground.

A

Contractile roots

78
Q

The commercial value of a bulb depends on its ______ and weight at digging time.

A

Size (transverse circumference)

79
Q

A round bulb with a single flower bud.

A

Single-nose

80
Q

A two-year-old bulb with two flower buds.

A

Double-nose

81
Q

What develops at the base of bulbs and corms allowing for natural population increase?

A

Bublets (offsets)

Cormels

82
Q

What are the two types of rhizomes and provide an example of each.

A

Pachymorph-(rhizome is thick, fleshy and short)
ex. Iris, ginger

Leptomorph-(rhizome is slender with long internodes)
ex. Lily of the valley, Johnson grass

83
Q

How does Budding Topworking differ from Grafting Topworking procedure?

A

For Budding Topworking a single bud is used as the scion piece. In Grafting Topworking the scion piece is a short section of shoot containing multiple buds.

84
Q

What are the three parts of a flower bulb?

A

Basal plate
Bulb scales
Vegetative meristem or unexpanded flower shoot

85
Q

How should bulbs be stored?

A

Holding bulbs continuously at high temperatures (86 to 90F) or at temperatures near freezing will inhibit floral development and can lengthen time to flower.

86
Q

After a bulb flowers, should the foliage be removed? Why or why not?

A

No, the foliage should not be removed because the bulb has not yet finished its cycle and removing the foliage would inhibit its growth.

87
Q

Which specialized structure (geophyte) can be propagated by stem cuttings after flowering has occurred?

A

Bulbs

HORT 3084: Plant propagation (3 decks)

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