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Bisc 120 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Animals are…

A

Heterotrophic, multicellular, and have tissues

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2
Q

What are tissues?

A

Layers of cells that act as a functional unit

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3
Q

During cleavage there is rapid ____ but no ____

A

division; cell growth

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4
Q

There is no cell growth during cleavage because…

A

The cells are dividing so quickly that there is no time for the cell to grow

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5
Q

Steps of creating and embryonic layer

A

Zygote –> cleavage –> eight cell stage –> cleavage –> blastula –> gastrulation (becomes a gastrula)

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6
Q

Blastocoel

A

The hallow inside of a blastula

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7
Q

What is Gastrulation?

A

When the embryo folds inward, expands and fills in the blastocoel. Germ layers form through gastrulation.

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8
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer layer of an animal

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9
Q

Endoderm

A

Inner layer of an animal that can make up the inside of the digestive tract

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10
Q

Archenteron

A

The hallow space inside the endoderm

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11
Q

Animals origin

A

750 million years ago

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12
Q

Animals closest relative are ___ because…

A

Choanoflagellates; their genetic similarity and behavioral similarities such as signaling and adhesion

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13
Q

Sponges lack

A

True tissues

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14
Q

___ of sponges have been found in other animals but not plants, fungi, or non-choanoflagellates

A

Collar cells

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15
Q

Proterozoic Era

A

1 billion - 542 million years ago; Ediacaran Period (560 mya)

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16
Q

Paleozoic Era

A

541 - 242 mya; Cambrian Period (525 mya)

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17
Q

During the Cambrian period, there is rapid diversification of ____

A

Bilaterians

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18
Q

450 mya

A

Arthropods are discovered

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19
Q

365 mya

A

Vertebrates colonize

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20
Q

Radial symmetry

A

has a top & bottom, but no left/right or front/back

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21
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Has a top/bottom and a left/right

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22
Q

Ectoderm

A

Germ layer on the outside surface embryo; for some phyla the ectoderm can form the central nervous system

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23
Q

Endoderm

A

Inner germ layer that lines the archenteron and gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract

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24
Q

Diploblastic

A

Two germ layer (the endoderm and ectoderm); cnidarians

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25
Q

Triploblastic

A

Three germ layer (endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm); all bilaterians

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26
Q

Mesoderm

A

Forms muscles and other internal organs

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27
Q

Coelom

A

A fluid or air-filled space located between the digestive tract (endoderm) and outer body wall

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28
Q

Acoelomate

A

Lack internal body cavity

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29
Q

Coelomate

A

Have an internal body cavity with the inside and outside by mesoderm-derive tissues

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30
Q

Pesudocoelomate

A

Have an internal body cavity with the outside surrounded by mesoderm and the inside derived by endoderm

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31
Q

Spiral and determinate cleavage

A

Seen in protostomes; where spiral division is diagonal to the vertical axis and determinate development casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early

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32
Q

Radial and indeterminate cleavage

A

Seen in deuterostomes; where radial has parallel or perpendicular cell division and indeterminate development early cleavage divisions retain capacity to develop into a complete embryo

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33
Q

In a protostome the ___ develops where as in a deuterstome the ___ develops

A

mouth; anus

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34
Q

Basal eumetozoas are

A

Cnidara and Ctenophora and are diploblastic with radial symmetry

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35
Q

Eumetozoas have…

A

True tissues

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36
Q

Bilateria clades

A

Deuterostomia, lophotrochoza, and ecdysozoa

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37
Q

Bilateria exhbibit ___ symmetry and have ___ germ layers

A

radial; 3

38
Q

Porifera

A

lack true tissues; part of the metazoa (basal); asymmetric, choanocytes flap to swirl water and catch food; parasitic/free-living; have a radula; have a gastrovascular cavity

39
Q

Cnideria

A

Diploblastic; exhibit radial symmetry; cnidocytes (tentacles) grab prey; medusa/polyp body forms which have a single opening that functions both as a mouth and anus; have gastrovascular cavity

40
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

Free-living and parasitic; triploblastic and bilateral symmetry; acoelomates; dorsoventrally flattened; no digestive tract, instead they exchange gases within the gastrovascular cavity

41
Q

Tapeworms

A

No mouth/gastrovascular cavity; they rely on hosts digestion tract to absorb nutrients

42
Q

Ctenophora

A

When prey attack, cells burst open and cover prey with sticky threads

43
Q

Rotifera

A

Triploblastic; bilateral symmetry; pseudocoelomate; have a cllia that draw vortex of water into mouth and trophi grind up food; possess an alimentary canal that has a digestive tube with a mouth and anus

44
Q

Ectoprocta/Brachiopoda

A

Triploblastic; bilateral symmetry; coelomates; possess lophophores: ciliated tentacles that carry food to cilia then to digestive system

45
Q

Mollusca

A

Triploblastic; bilateral symmetry; coelomates; have a radula (break down food for digestion); have a muscular foot (movement), mantle (shell) , and visceral mass (organs)

46
Q

Gastropods

A

land snails, sea slugs and chiton (flat)

47
Q

Bivalves

A

Clams and oysters

48
Q

Cephalopods

A

squids, octopus, and chambered nautilus

49
Q

Annelida

A

segmented worms; triploblastic; bilateral symmetry; coelomates; parasitic/free-living

50
Q

Errantia

A

clade of annelida that is mobile and marine; parapodia is the structure it has used for locomotion

51
Q

Sedentaria

A

clade of annelidea that is less mobile and found in soil; examples are leeches and earthworms

52
Q

Leeches

A

Parasitic; use blade like jaws that secrete anesthetic to numb humans when they suck their blood; they also secrete hirudin which prevents host’s blood from solidifying

53
Q

Nematoda

A

Triploblastic; bilateral symmetry; psuedocoelomates; free-living/parasitic; alimentary canal; undergo ecdysis (molting of their exoskeleton)

54
Q

Arthropoda

A

Triploblastic; bilateral symmetry; coelomate; hard exoskeleton (chitin), segmented body (head, thorax, abdomen), and joined appendages

55
Q

Three lineages of arthropoda

A

Chelice rates (spiders, scorpions), myriapods (centi and milipedes), and pancrustaceans (insects)

56
Q

Incomplete metamorphosis

A

nymphs (young) are smaller, have different body proportions, and lack wings; as they molt, they look more like an adult where their final molt is full size, with wings, and sexually mature

57
Q

Complete metamorphosis

A

Larval stages are for eating and growing (caterpillar) and the adult (pupal) stage is for reproducing and dispersal; larval stage looks completely different from adult stage

58
Q

Hemichordates

A

have a notochord, nerve chord, gill slits, and dorsal nerve chord

59
Q

Echinodermata

A

have a water vascular system; larvae are bilaterally symmetrical and adults are radially symmetrical

60
Q

Chordates developed the ____

A

notochord

61
Q

Vertebrates developed the ___

A

vertebrae

62
Q

Gnathostomes developed the ___

A

jaws

63
Q

Osteichyans developed the ___

A

lungs

64
Q

Lobe-fins developed the ___

A

lobed fins

65
Q

Tetrapods developed ___

A

limbs with digits

66
Q

Amniotes developed ___

A

amniotic egg

67
Q

Mammals developed ___

A

milk

68
Q

Cephalochordata

A

Most basal chordate; also known as lancelets; have somites (segmented muscles from blocks of mesoderm); lack a full brain (instead they have a nerval cord with a swollen tip–>precursor of the brain)

69
Q

Urochordates

A

Also known as tunicates; chordate characteristics are seen in the larval stage (notochord, nerve cord, and tail)

70
Q

4 characteristics to make a species a chordate

A

dosal, hollow nerve cord; notochord; post-anal tail; pharyngeal slits/clefts

71
Q

Vertebrates

A

Chordate that has skull and backbone; two sets of hox genes and a complete nervous system; haikoulla (eyes and brain) and myilokunmingia (head) are precursors from the cambrian explosion

72
Q

First vertebrae fossil

A

conodonts (500 mya) with mineralized dental tissue and a cartilage as an internal skeleton; body first mineralized in the mouth then incorporated as protective armor

73
Q

Vertebrates without jaws

A

hagfish and lampreys

74
Q

Gnathostomes

A

evolved from the skeletal rods that previously supported the anterior pharyngeal gill slits; gill slits are needed for respiratory gas exchange; now there are four sets of hox genes; lateral line system –> sense vibrations in the water; enlarged brain (better sensory abilities)

75
Q

Osteichthyans

A

Possess lungs (or swim bladders) for breathing

76
Q

ray-finned fish

A

bony fish with thin fins that aid in swimming; seahorses, lionfish, and eel

77
Q

lobe-finned fish

A

possess rod-shaped bones surrounded by a thick layer of muscle in the pelvic and pectoral fins; devonian period from 400 mya; coelacanths and lungfish

78
Q

Tetrapods

A

in place of fins, they have limbs with digits (support weight on land; muscle-generated forces are distributed); head is separated from the body by a neck; adults lack gills (terrestrial)

79
Q

Tiktaalik

A

Fossil that shows the first tetrapod features present (375 million years ago); neck, ;ribs, fin skeleton, flat skull, eyes on top of the skull; show the transition before limbs with digits

80
Q

Amphibians

A

Basal tetrapods that have a reproductive environment tied to water; frogs and salamanders

81
Q

Frogs

A

At the larval stage, they are tadpoles that share similar characteristics as a fish (gills, lateral line system, long, finned tail); through metamorphosis, gills and lateral line system disappear, the the legs, lungs and digestive system adapt to a carnivores diet

82
Q

Amniotes

A

have the amniotic egg that help future generations develop without the presence of water

83
Q

Amniotic Egg Membranes + Functions

A

Amnion (protect embryo in a fluid filled cushion against mechanical shock); allantois (disposal sac for metabolic waste since there is no water present); chorion (exchanges gases between the embryo and the air as respiration); yolk sac (stockpile of nutrients with additional nutrients in the albumen)

84
Q

With these structures, an embryo can…

A

develop on land in its own private bond which reduces the dependence of tetrapods on an aqueous environment; key innovation for terrestrial life

85
Q

Mammals

A

Mammary glands produce milk for the offspring that is rich in fats, sugars, vitamins and minerals that are key for a nutritious diet; hair and fat are used for thermoregulation; heterodonty suits the diverse diet mammals have

86
Q

During the ____ period, first true mammals arose and began to diversify

A

Jurrasic (200-145 mya)

87
Q

During the ___ period, major mammal lineages appeared: the ____, ____, and ____

A

Cretaceous (140 mya); monotremes (lay eggs), marsupials (mammals with a pouch), and eutherians (placental mammals)

88
Q

Marsupials

A

Born before amniotic development is complete; completed during nursing with a maternal pouch

89
Q

embryo development for masrupials and eutherians

A

embryo develops in the uterus; this is a modification for the amniotic egg membranes because of the placenta that transports the nutrients from the mother to the baby; the placenta is formed with the uterus and the extra-embryonic layers

90
Q

Convergent evolution with marsupials and eutherians

A

seen in similar ecological environments around the world

Bisc 120 (1 decks)

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