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exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

infection

A

caused by a microorganism

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2
Q

exposure incubation stage

A

no symptoms

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3
Q

exposure prodromal stage

A

vague sense of not being well

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4
Q

exposure invasive stage

A

full blown illness

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5
Q

exposure acme stage

A

peak of illness

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6
Q

exposure decline stage

A

symptoms under control

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7
Q

exposure convalescent stage

A

body repairing

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8
Q

exposure sequelae stage

A

remaining symptoms body doesn’t repair

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9
Q

chain of infection

A

infectious agent passes from one organism to another

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10
Q

pathogen

A

infectious agent capable of causing disease

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11
Q

vector

A

animal/insect that transmits pathogen to new host

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12
Q

reservoir

A

community of pathogens

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13
Q

virulence

A

speed/intensity with which a pathogen is likely to cause an infection

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14
Q

epidemic

A

widespread outbreak

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15
Q

chain of infection six step

A 
host
infectious agent
receiver
portal of exit
transportation
portal of entry
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16
Q

virus

A

genome and protein covering

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17
Q

bacteria

A

single celled organisms

spherical, rodlike, or spiral

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18
Q

prions

A

entirely of protein

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19
Q

fungi

A

single celled or multi celled

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20
Q

helminths

A

worms

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21
Q

protozoa

A

single celled

live independently

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22
Q

ectoparasites

A

complex organisms

live on host skin

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23
Q

immune system

A

complex set of cells, chemicals, and processes that protects the body against pathogens

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24
Q

innate immune system

A

dispose of pathogens in nonspecific manner

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25
Q

acute inflammatory response

A

body’s initial reaction to tissue damage, bringing blood to the site of injury or infection

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26
Q

acquired immune system

A

develops as you are exposed

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27
Q

lymphocytes

A

white blood cells that circulate in the bloodstream and lymphatic system (security guards)

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28
Q

antigen

A

marker on surface of a foreign substance

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29
Q

T cell

A

monitor events inside cell

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30
Q

helper t cell

A

read infection messages

trigger killer and B cells

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31
Q

killer t cell

A

kill infected cells

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32
Q

suppressor t cell

A

slow down immune system when healed

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33
Q

b cells

A

monitor blood and tissue fluids

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34
Q

antibodies

A

proteins that bind to antigens

trigger destruction

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35
Q

what to t and b cells become

A

memory cells

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36
Q

vaccine

A

weakened or killed disease to promote immunity

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37
Q

passive immunity

A

temporart immunity

from antibodies in pregnancy and breastfeeding

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38
Q

autoimmune disease

A

immune system creates immune response to part of body

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39
Q

allergies

A

body identifies harmless substance as antigen

creates immune response

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40
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

life threatening allergic response

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41
Q

how many organisms associated with food related illness

A

250

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42
Q

antibiotic

A

killing or preventing growth of bacteria

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43
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

lessened sensitivity to effects of antibiotic

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44
Q

four leading causes of disease mortality

A

pneumonia
diarrhea
tuberculosis
malaria

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45
Q

latent infection

A

not currently active

could reactivate

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46
Q

cardiovascular disease

A

involves heart or blood vessels

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47
Q

what is the leading cause of death in US

A

cardiovascular disease

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48
Q

how many deaths does cardiovascular disease account for

A

1 in 3

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49
Q

cardiovascular system

A

heart and blood vessels that circulate blood throughout the body

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50
Q

Pulmonary lung circulation

A

pumping oxygen poor blood to the lungs and oxygen rich blood back to the heart
right side of the heart

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51
Q

systemic body circulation

A

pumping oxygen rich blood to the body and oxygen poor blood back to the heart
left side of the heart

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52
Q

aorta

A

largest artery

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53
Q

does the aorta carry oxygen rich or poor blood

A

rich

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54
Q

inferior and superior vena cava

A

largest veins

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55
Q

does the inferior and superior vena cava carry oxygen rich or poor blood

A

poor

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56
Q

coronary arteries

A

medium sized arteries

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57
Q

do the coronary arteries carry oxygen rich or poor blood

A

rich

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58
Q

sinoatrial node

A

group of cells in the right atrium

electrical signal is generated; establishes heartbeat

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59
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

thickening or hardening of the arteries due to buildup of fats and other substances

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60
Q

fatty streak

A

accumulation of lipoproteins

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61
Q

lipoproteins

A

proteins, phospholipids and cholesterol

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62
Q

plaque

A

accumulation of debris

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63
Q

coronary heart disease

A

atherosclerosis of coronary arteries

may result in heart attack

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64
Q

what is the leading from of cardiovascular disease

A

coronary heart disease

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65
Q

how many americans live with coronary heart disease

A

15.5 million

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66
Q

ischemia

A

nsufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients to tissue

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67
Q

what causes ischemia

A

narrowed/ blocked arteries

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68
Q

myocardial infarction

A

lack of blood flow to the heart muscle

heart attack

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69
Q

coronary thrombosis

A

blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot

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70
Q

angina

A

pain, pressure, heaviness, or tightness in the center of the chest

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71
Q

what causes angina

A

narrowed coronary artery

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72
Q

arrhythmia

A

irregular heartbeat

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73
Q

normal heartbeats per minute

A

60-100

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74
Q

sudden cardiac death

A

loss of heart function

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75
Q

cause of sudden cardiac death

A

irregular or ineffective heartbeat

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76
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

type of arrhythmia
ventricles contract rapidly
heart quivers instead of beating

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77
Q

stroke

A

blood flow to brain is blocked

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78
Q

4th leading cause of death in US

79
Q

ischemic stroke

A

cause by blockage in blood vessel in brain

80
Q

what percent of strokes are ischemic

81
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot in narrowed artery

82
Q

embolism

A

blood clot elsewhere that travels to brain

83
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

bleeding brain tissue

84
Q

transient ischemic attacks

A

ministrokes

85
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

bleed into space between brain and skull

86
Q

intacerebral hemorrhage

A

bleed from blood vessel into brain

87
Q

embolic stroke

A

blood clots that travel to brain blood vessels

88
Q

thrombotic stroke

A

blood clots that form where artery is narrowed

89
Q

congestive heart failure

A

heart not pumping the blood as well as it should

blood and fluids back up in the lungs

90
Q

heart valve disorders

A

one of four heart valves does not open well or close tightly

91
Q

congenital heart disease

92
Q

peripheral vascular disease

A

atherosclerosis in arms and legs

93
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

disease of heart muscle

94
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy

A

enlargement of heart;

weakening of muscle

95
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

thickening of one part of heart

96
Q

where is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy most common

A

left ventricle

97
Q

three measurable health factors

A

blood pressure
blood glucose
cholesterol

98
Q

blood pressure

A

exerted by blood against artery wall

99
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

pressure when beating

top number

100
Q

diastolic blood pressure

A

pressure in arteries between beating

bottom number

101
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

102
Q

how much more likely are people with diabetes to get cardiovascular disease

103
Q

LDL

104
Q

HDL

105
Q

triglycerides

A

blood fats

106
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

detect abnormal rhythms, inadequate blood flow, heart enlargement

107
Q

Echocardiogram

A

heart structure and motion

108
Q

diabetes

A

production of insulin is disrupted

109
Q

how often was diabetes doubled

110
Q

type one diabetes

A

no signal sent

111
Q

type two diabetes

A

cells resistant to insulin

112
Q

how common is gestational diabetes

A

2-10% of pregnancies

113
Q

how many cases of gestational diabetes is ongoing

114
Q

3rd leading cause of death

A

chronic lung disease

115
Q

asthma

A

inflammation, obstruction, and contraction of airways

116
Q

Bronchodilators

A

quick relief medications of asthma

117
Q

COPD

A

damage to airways and alveoli

118
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

constant inflammation of bronchioles; excess mucus

119
Q

Emphysema

A

alveoli less elastic; walls between alveoli are damaged

120
Q

cancer

A

uncontrolled growth of cells

121
Q

Clonal growth

A

replication of a single cell that produces thousands of copies of itself uncontrollably

122
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells

123
Q

carcinogen

A

cancer causing substance

124
Q

oncogene

A

drives a cell to grow and divide

125
Q

tumor

A

mass of extra tissues

126
Q

benign tumor

A

slow growth

127
Q

malignant

A

likely to spread

128
Q

metastasis

A

cancer spread to other parts of body

129
Q

localized cancer

A

still in primary site

130
Q

invasive cancer

A

metastasized

131
Q

stage 0 cancer

A

in layer of cells where it began

132
Q

stage 1 cancer

A

small and localized

133
Q

stage 2 and 3 cancer

A

locally advanced

may involve lymph nodes

134
Q

stage 4

A

metastasized

135
Q

carcinomas

A

epithelial tissue

136
Q

epithelial tissue

A

skin
lining of intestines and body cavities
surface of body organs

137
Q

sarcomas

A

connective tissue

138
Q

connective tissue

A 
bone
tendon
cartilage
muscle
fat
139
Q

leukemias

A

cancer of blood

bone marrow

140
Q

lymphomas

A

lymph noes or glands

141
Q

screening tests

A

large group of people to identify a smaller group who are at higher risk

142
Q

Bronchoscopy

A

examine lung tissue

143
Q

unintentional injuries

A

not purposeful

144
Q

defensive driving

A

anticipating hazards

145
Q

three types of driver distraction

A

visual
manual
cognitive

146
Q

percent of deaths that occur when pedestrians cross the street

147
Q

percent of disabling injuries that occur in home

148
Q

percent of work injuries that occur in back

149
Q

percent that seatbelts reduce risk of death

150
Q

how many people drown everyday

151
Q

percent of victims in rape that are men

152
Q

percent of assault victims that get an STD

153
Q

percent of college women that experience violent dating

154
Q

percent of women that report physical abuse

155
Q

violence

A

force or threat to inflict injury

156
Q

assault

A

attack on a person using threat or force

157
Q

aggravated assault

A

with weapon and causes injury

158
Q

simple assault

159
Q

clery act

A

colleges must disclose crime

160
Q

sexual assault

A

forced sexual behavior

161
Q

sexual coercion

A

persuaded sexual activity

162
Q

statutory rape

A

under age of consent

163
Q

red zone

A

female risks at greatest risk of sexual assault

164
Q

desensitization

A

repeated exposure of violent acts

165
Q

complementary medicine

A

group of practices used with conventional medicine

166
Q

alternative medicine

A

alternative to conventional medicine

167
Q

integrative medicine

A

conventional and complementary

168
Q

conventional medicine

A

western medicine

169
Q

two types of mind and body interventions

A

mind body

energy

170
Q

how long has chinese medicine been used

A

3,000 years

171
Q

three aspects of chinese medicine

A

physical
mental
spitirual

172
Q

what is believed to be disturbed in chinese medicine

A

gi

energy force

173
Q

two parts of homeopathy

A

law of similar

principle of minimal dose

174
Q

law of similar

A

substance that causes disease in a healthy person can cure sick

175
Q

principle of minimal dose

A

encourage body to heal itself

smallest dose possible

176
Q

naturopathy

A

body can heal itself

177
Q

where does US rank in life expectancy

178
Q

environmental health

A

interaction of humans with environment

179
Q

air pollution

A

one or more chemicals in atmosphere

180
Q

air quality index of 100

A

unhealthy for sensitive groups

181
Q

air quality index of 300

A

hazardous for all

182
Q

smog

A

mixture of pollutants that makes air hazy

183
Q

industrial smog

A

cold weather

burning of coal and oil

184
Q

photochemical smog

A

summer

fossil fuels

185
Q

percent of life spent indoors

186
Q

how many times higher are air pollutants inside

187
Q

best humidity for home

188
Q

how much waste do we recycle

189
Q

percent of energy thats nonrenewable

190
Q

how many people are living in poverty

A

1.4 million

191
Q

earths capacity

A

50 million

192
Q

clean air act

A

set emission standards

193
Q

clear skies initiative

A

mandatory caps to reduce emissions

health for living (4 decks)

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