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Pharm Exam 4 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How important is sleep considered to be?

A

vital

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2
Q

Daytime symptoms due to lack of sleep

A

Inattentiveness, severe cognitive disturbances, excessive daytime sleepiness, and sleep attacks

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3
Q

Substance that diminishes fatigued by opposing adenosine’s regulation of the sleep drive

A

Caffeine

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4
Q

Type of patients whose sleep/wake switch won’t turn on in the morning

A

Phase delayed

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5
Q

Type of patients whose sleep/wake switch won’t turn off at night

A

Phase advanced

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6
Q

Type of half-life of sleep inducing hypnotics given for chronic use

A

Optimized half-lives with rapid onset

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7
Q

The best chronic treatment for chronic insomnia

A

Z drug (eszopiclone)

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8
Q

The receptors at which hypnotics

A

GABAa

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9
Q

Side effects of antihistamines

A

Blurred vision, constipation, memory problems, dry mouth, and hangover affects

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10
Q

The antagonist of adenosine that promotes the DA

A

Caffeine

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11
Q

What acts on slow-wave sleep by promoting wakefulness

A

GHB

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12
Q

AD capital HD symptoms resulting from abnormalities in which brain area?

A

Prefrontal cortex

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13
Q

The formation of what contributes to ADHD’s onset and pathophysiology?

A

Synapses

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14
Q

What declines in ADHD by adolescents and adulthood?

A

Hyperactivity

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15
Q

What behavior drops in adolescence with ADHD?

A

Stimulant use

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16
Q

The type of release that increases signal strength output in ADHD

A

Dialing up the release of both DA & NE until they reach their desired levels

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17
Q

Condition that leads to deposition of amyloid plaques in AD

A

Toxic AB peptides are forming

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18
Q

Classification for the first stage of AD

A

Preclinical

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19
Q

Genotype that speeds up the time to dementia in second stage of AD patients

A

E4 genotype

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20
Q

Type of neuronal cell lost in AD that correlates with MRI measures

A

Atrophy

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21
Q

Short-term memory disturbances of AD is caused by degeneration of what?

A

Cholinergic neurons

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22
Q

Plaques and tangles cause a steady leak of what in AD?

A

Glutamate

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23
Q

Type of processing that underpins the neurobiological drive associated with impulsivity and compulsivity

A

Bottom-up systems

24
Q

Internal trait associated with initial drug use

A

Impulsivity

25
Q

Brain system activated when drugs of abuse or taken frequently

A

The “habit” system

26
Q

The fastest way to deliver drugs to the brain

A

To smoke those that are compatible with this route of administration

27
Q

The reward circuit receptors on which nicotine acts

A

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors

28
Q

The classic drug for treating alcoholism

A

Disulfiram

29
Q

Behavioral outcomes associated with opioids

A

Euphoria, profound sense of tranquility, drowsiness, apathy, slowed motor movements

30
Q

Synapses at which hallucinogens act

A

Serotonin synapses

31
Q

Behaviors related to OCD

A

Compulsions (such as checking and cleaning) and excessive inflexible behaviors are carried out in order to neutralize anxiety or distress caused by particular obsessions

32
Q

What orexin and melatonin neurons regulate

A

Sleep/wake cycle

33
Q

Different neurotransmitters in the brain activated when the sleep/wake switch is on or off

A

On: histamine is released

Off: GABA is released

34
Q

What regulates wakefulness?

A

Histamine

35
Q

Primary insomnia can lead to what?

A

A first major depressive episode

36
Q

Why are benzodiazepines considered second-line agents for treating sleep disorders?

A

Because they can cause long-term problems

37
Q

Seratonergic hypnotic used to induce sleep

A

Trazodone

38
Q

A deficiency in what causes lower restorative sleep?

A

Slow-wave sleep

39
Q

Three symptoms by which ADHD is characterized by

A

Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

40
Q

Attentional and executive function problems are caused by dysregulation of the tuning of what?

A

Prefrontal cortex

41
Q

The major genes linked to ADHD are linked to which neurotransmitter?

A

Dopamine

42
Q

Biggest difference between child and adult cases of ADHD

A

1/2 children are diagnosed, but only 1/5 of adults are diagnosed

43
Q

Most important symptom to treat first in ADHD

A

Substance abuse

44
Q

What does amyloid cascade hypothesis of AD begin with?

A

An APP this is abnormal in the way it is processed

45
Q

Difference between good ApoE and bad ApoE

A
  • good ApoE prevents AD

- bad ApoE causes amyloid plaque to form, leading to AD

46
Q

Functions with diminished ability during the second stage of AD

A

Remembering names, find the word, remember where objects are located, and concentrate

47
Q

A main biomarker for AD

A

Neurodegeneration

48
Q

Definitions of impulsivity and compulsivity

A
  • impulsivity is the inability to stop initiating actions

- compulsivity is the inability to terminate actions

49
Q

Patients with what smoke more than 50% of all cigarettes

A

Current psychological disorder

50
Q

Most addicting substance known

A

Nicotine

51
Q

The system that releases dopamine after marijuana is ingested

A

Mesolimbic reward system

52
Q

Main symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders

A

Impulsivity and compulsivity

53
Q

Orexin-containing and melatonin-sensitive neurons regulate

A

Sleep/wake cycle

54
Q

In AD, it is often _____ associated with memory loss that helps make the diagnosis clinically

A

The other symptoms

55
Q

According to chapter 14, many disorders considered to be neurodevelopmental have ______ as symptom dimension

A

Compulsivity

Pharm Exam 4 (1 decks)

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