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Biochemistry II (Palmer) > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What stimulates the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate and NADP+

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2
Q

What inhibits the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

A

6-Phosphoglucono lactone and NADPH

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3
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme for the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

A

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

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4
Q

What is the cellular location for the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

A

Cytoplasm/Cytosol

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5
Q

What are the other names for the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

A

Hexose monophosphate pathway and Hexose monophosphate shunt

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6
Q

What is the cellular location for the Electron Transport System (ETS)?

A

Inner membrane of the mitochondria

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7
Q

What is the cellular location for Ketogenesis?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

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8
Q

What is the cellular location for Beta Oxidation?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

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9
Q

What is the cellular location for Glycogenesis?

A

Cytosol

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10
Q

What is the cellular location for Glycogenolysis?

A

Cytosol

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11
Q

What is the cellular location for Fat Synthesis?

A

Cytosol

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12
Q

What is the cellular location for Cholesterol Synthesis?

A

Cytosol

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13
Q

What is the cellular location for Glycolysis?

A

Cytosol

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14
Q

What is the cellular location for Gluconeogenesis?

A

Cytosol or Mitochondrial Matrix

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15
Q

Which amino acids are used in the creation of Purines?

A

Guanine and Adenine

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16
Q

Which amino acids are used in the creation of Pyrimidines?

A

Thymine and Cytosine : DNA

Uracil and Cytosine : RNA

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17
Q

What are the fates of NADPH?

A

R: Reductive biosynthesis
D: Detoxification
R: Respiratory bursts
A: Antioxidant regeneration

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18
Q

What is involved in Reductive Biosynthesis?

A

NADPH donates electrons to help build:

 - Fat CRDR reactions
 - Cholesterol
           - Steroid Hormones
           - Bile Salts
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19
Q

What steps are involved in the Fatty Acid Synthase reaction?

A

C: Condenses (adds malonyl CoA)
R: Reduces (with NADPH)
D: Dehydrates
R: Reduces (With NADPH)

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20
Q

What is involved in Detoxification?

A
  • Makes toxins water soluble
  • adds H2O and O2
  • Excrete toxins in urine
  • Cytochrome P450 in endoplasmic reticulum of LIVER
    - adds hydroxyl group compounds
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21
Q

What is involved in Respiratory Bursts?

A
  • Creates “harsh chemistry” to kill non-self bacteria
  • WBC take in more O2
    - O2 plus electrons (from NADPH) make reactive molecules
    - sequestered in vesicle; bacteria dies
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22
Q

What are the steps involved in “Harsh Chemistry”?

A
  • OXIDASE: electrons to O2; forms Superoxide
  • SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE: forms H2O2
  • MYELOPEROXIDASE: forms HOCl “Hypochlorous Acid”
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23
Q

What is involved in Antioxidant Regeneration?

A
  • Adds electrons from NADPH to antioxidents which restores their reducing power
    - protects body from free radicals
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24
Q

What are the 3 main antioxidant enzymes?

A

Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, and Glutathione peroxidase

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25
Q

What is the cellular location for superoxide dismutase?

A

Extracellular, cytoplasm, mitochondria

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26
Q

what does superoxide dismutase require?

A

Zinc, copper, and manganese (in mitochondria)

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27
Q

What is the function of superoxide dismutase?

A

Quenches (eliminates) O2 and produces H2O2

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28
Q

What is the function of Catalase?

A

Quenches H2O2 and produces water and oxygen

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29
Q

What is the cellular location for catalase?

A

cell peroxisomes

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30
Q

what does catalase require?

A

iron

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31
Q

What is the function of Glutathione peroxidase?

A

Quenches H2O2 and produces water

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32
Q

What is the cellular location for glutathione peroxidase?

A

Cytosol and mitochondria

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33
Q

How is most H2O2 quenched?

A

via Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX)

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34
Q

What makes up a nucleoside?

A

Base + Sugar

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35
Q

What makes up a nucleotide?

A

Base + Sugar + Phosphate

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36
Q

What does glutathione peroxidase require?

A

Selenium

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37
Q

What are some characteristics of Oxidative reactions?

A

Irreversible, produces NADPH

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38
Q

What are some characteristics of Non-oxidative reactions?

A

Reversible, produces Ribose-5-phosphate, (interconversion of sugars)

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39
Q

What is unique about the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)?

A

No ATP is produced or consumed!

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40
Q

What are the 4 individual steps of the PPP?

A

D: Dehydrogenation of G-6-P
H: Hydrolysis of 6-phophogluconolactone
O: Oxidative decarboxylation (produces ribulose-5-phosphate)
I: Isomerization (Ribulose-5-P to Ribose-5-P)

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41
Q

What 4 compounds are related to Ribose sugar?

A

Adenosine
Guanosine
Cytidine
Uridine

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42
Q

What compound is related to 2-deoxyribose sugar?

A

thymidine

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43
Q

What is the free base for Inosine?

A

Hypoxanthine

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44
Q

What is involved in a salvage pathway?

A

Recycling preformed bases from “old” nucleotides and adding a ribose unit (PRPP)

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45
Q

What is involved in the De Novo (from scratch) synthesis pathway?

A

Purines - start with ribose and add piece by piece

Pyrimidines - form base piece by piece and add to ribose

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46
Q

What does PRPP stand for?

A

5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (“activated pentose”)

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47
Q

Which pathways require PRPP?

A

Both salvage and De novo (from scratch) for purines and pyrimidines

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48
Q

What is used to create PRPP?

A

Ribose-5-Phosphate

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49
Q

The De Novo synthesis pathway requires?

A

Tetrahydrofolate Methyl donor

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50
Q

What is the location of the Purine De Novo synthesis pathway?

A

cytosol of liver

51
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme for the purine De Novo synthesis pathway?

A

Xanthine Oxidase

52
Q

What donates nitrogen to the purine synthesis pathway?

A

aspartate
glutamine
glycine

53
Q

What pathway does non-hepatic purine synthesis use?

A

Salvage pathway

54
Q

What is produced upon breaking down nucleotides into bases during the salvage purine pathway?

A

Hypoxanthine

55
Q

What enzyme is required for the purine salvage pathway?

A

Phosphoriboyltransferase (PRT)

56
Q

What enzyme is involved in the De Novo reduction of ribonucleotides?

A

Ribonucleotide reductase

57
Q

What inhibits the committed step of De Novo synthesis?

A

hypoxanthine

58
Q

What enzyme produces Uric Acid?

A

Xanthine Oxidase

59
Q

What inhibits Xanthine Oxidase?

A

Allopurinal

60
Q

What is the accumulation of excess Uric acid called?

A

Gout

61
Q

What is the increased concentration of uric acid in the blood called?

A

hyperuricemia

62
Q

What is the precursor to Uracil, Thymidine, Cytosine?

A

Uridine monophosphate

63
Q

What is a carbon donator for Purine synthesis?

A

Folic Acid

64
Q

What is the cellular location for Pyramidine synthesis?

A

Cytosol

65
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme for Pyramidine synthesis?

A

CAD (HUGE LONG NAME)

66
Q

What is a nitrogen AND carbon donor for pyramidine synthesis?

A

Aspartate

67
Q

What is the starting material for pyrimidine synthesis?

A

bicarbonate (HCO3)

68
Q

What is special about CAD?

A

It is a multi enzyme complex (Goes in order)

69
Q

The regulatory step of pyrimidine synthesis is inhibited by what?

A

UTP (it is an end product)

70
Q

The regulatory step of pyrimidine synthesis is stimulated by what?

A

PRPP

71
Q

What does the first step of pyrimidine ring formation involve?

A

Bicarbonate and glutamine

72
Q

what does the second step of pyrimidine ring formation involve?

A

aspartate

73
Q

UMP is phosphorylated to form what during CPT Synthesis?

A 
UDP TMP (Thymidine monophosphate)
UTP CPT (Cytidine Triophophate)
74
Q

A direct reduction of the secondary hydroxyl group of Adenine, Guanine, and Uracil is performed by what enzyme?

A

Ribonucleotide reductase

75
Q

Thymidine has a unique pathway that uses what two enzymes?

A

Ribonucleotide reductase and Thymidylate synthase (main enzyme)

76
Q

The thymidine pathway in Pyrimidine synthesis requires what?

A

Folic Acid and NADPH

77
Q

The pyrimidine salvage pathway can transfer nitrogen to form what compound?

A

Glutamate (used in FA synthesis or Krebs)

78
Q

What is the primary pathway for the synthesis of Thymine and Uracil?

A

Salvage pyrimidine pathway

79
Q

What enzymes does the pyrimidine salvage pathway require?

A

Nucleoside Phosphorylase or Nucleoside Kinase

80
Q

What is the nucleotide that is not salvaged in humans?

A

Cytosine

81
Q

Antibacterial:

Fluorocytosine is converted to fuorouacile which is toxic.

A

KNOW IT…idk

82
Q

What stimulates Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase?

A

Glucose-6-Phosphate

83
Q

How much ATP is used in the PPP?

A

0

84
Q

A base + sugar + phosphate represents what?

A

nucleotide

85
Q

Name the Purine nucleotides:

A

Adenine (DNA and RNA)

Guanine (DNA and RNA)

86
Q

Name the Pyrimidine nucleotides:

A

Cytosine (DNA and RNA)
Thymine (DNA)
Uracil (RNA)

87
Q

Myeloperoxidase produces what?

A

Hypochlorous Acid (HOCl)

88
Q

What cofactor is required for Superoxide Dismutase in the mitochondria?

A

manganese (specifically in the mitochondria, zinc and copper are elsewhere)

89
Q

Which cofactor is required for catalase?

A

Iron

90
Q

What is a big carbon donor for purine synthesis?

A

Folic Acid (tetrahydrofolic acid)

91
Q

Excess Uric acid accumulation can lead to what?

A

Gout

92
Q

What inhibits xanthine Oxidase?

A

Allopurinal

93
Q

What is the cellular location of Carbamoyl phosphate?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

94
Q

What is the coenzyme for thymidylate synthase?

A

Folic acid

95
Q

Can you excrete ethanol directly from the body?

A

No

96
Q

What are the enzymes involved in ethanol oxidation?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
MEOS-> Cytochrome P450
Acetylaldehyde dehydrogenase
Catalase (in presence of hydrogen peroxide)

97
Q

If ADH is saturated, what happens to extra ethanol?

A

ethanol is transferred and processed by MEO (end product acetylaldehyde via acetylaldehyde dehydrogenase)

98
Q

What is the cellular location of alcohol dehydrogenase?

A

cytoplasm of hepatocytes

99
Q

What does Alcohol dehydrogenase require?

A

NAD+ (produces NADH)

100
Q

What can MEOS oxidize?

A 
Ethanol
Fatty acids
Aromatic hydrocarbons
steroids
barbituate drugs
101
Q

what is the location of MEOS?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

102
Q

Where does MEOS get electrons?

A

NADPH

103
Q

Can we make more MEOS enzymes?

A

Enzymes are “inducible”. higher alcohol concentration induces the synthesis of more MEOS enzymes

104
Q

What is the end product of both ADH and MEOS?

A

Acetylaldehyde (30x more toxic than ethanol)

105
Q

What condition can acetylaldehyde cause?

A

perivenular fibrosis

106
Q

Which two pathways produce NADH directly?

A

ADH and Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

107
Q

Does MEOS produce NADH?

A

not directly

108
Q

What does more NADH mean?

A

Less fat burning
more fat synthesis and TAG
KREBS inhibition
More lactic acid

109
Q

The presence of NADH stimulates what pathways?

A

FA synthesis
Lactic Acid
TAG synthesis

110
Q

The presence of NADH inhibits what pathways?

A 
FAT Burning (OHOT)
Krebs Cycle (IASM)
Glycolysis (G3P)
111
Q

What does the alcohol metabolism pathway do to lactate production?

A

Stimulates it. Can cause lactic acidosis so it is sent to other pathways. (hypoglycemia and Ketoacidosis)

112
Q

What major element of the alcohol metabolism pathway does not produce NADH?

A

MEOS (isocitrate dehydrogenase does but different pathway)

113
Q

What stimulates ADH?

A

Ethanol

114
Q

What amino acid is necessary to synthesize a primary bile salt?

A

Glycine

115
Q

What is the required protein for initiating glycogen synthesis?

A

glycogenin

116
Q

What kind of dose from fructose metabolism is necessary to increase liver glycogen synthesis?

A

Low dose

117
Q 
Which is not an irreversible step of glycolysis?
A Hexokinase
B Pyruvate Kinase
C Phosphoglycerate kinase
D Phosphofructokinase
A

C Phosphoglycerate kinase

118
Q

What is the required coenzyme for pyruvate carboxylase?

A

Biotin

119
Q

What happens to lactate during the cori cycle?

A

Lactate is transported to liver

120
Q

Is gluconeogenesis stimulated or inhibited by acetyl coa?

A

stimulated

121
Q

What is required for GMP synthesis from IMP?

A

ATP

122
Q

What is the cellular location of CAD?

A

Cytosol

123
Q

What is the common base for degradation of all purines?

A

Xanthine

Biochemistry II (Palmer) (1 decks)

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