Exam 4 Flashcards
Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory of social development
Microsystem – the immediate environment surrounding an individual, includes people, peers, family school.
Mesosystem – links two or more microsystems. Example teacher and parent communication.
Exosystem – the interaction among two or more environments, one of which does not directly include the individual
Macrosystem – includes many of the broader cultural patterns such as beliefs, customs, morals.
Chronosystem – refers to the chronological nature of development within the individual as well as the history of the surrounding environment.
four different parenting styles and the two dimensions that are associated with them.
high responsiveness and high control - Authoritative – limits are set and rules are enforced, but parents are flexible when necessary. High level of emotional connectedness
Low responsive and high control - Authoritarian – limits are set and rules are enforced, yet emotional connectedness is lacking. Parents are inflexible.
Low Control high responsive -Permissive – parents either do not set rules for behavior or do not enforce established rules. Parent and child have close connection
Low responsive Low control - Uninvolved - Parenting lacks both control and responsiveness. Parents are typically unaware of their childs behavior, friends, difficulties, achievements.
difference between who experiences difficulty dealing with divorce and who experiences difficulty dealing with remarriage. Describe the sleeper effect.
Divorce – younger children, boys more than girls, children placed in custody with the opposite-sex parent (typically boys), children who have a difficult temperament, less able to adjust to change within their environment, children who do not have a supportive relationship with an adult outside the immediate family
Remarriage – older children, girls more than boys, children with more difficult temperaments.
Sleeper effect – children whose parents have been divorced for years may encounter problems again during adolescence, drug and alcohol use, behavioral problems, poor school performance, poor interpersonal relationships. And higher divorce rate themselves.
- Discuss how friendships develop from preschool to high school. Why is it a good thing to have friends (hint: what is having friends related to?)?
- Early to middle childhood friendships are based on moment to moment interactions
- Middle to later childhood and early adolescence are based on more stable and similar qualities.
- High school and beyond is based on common values and more complex interests.
Having friends is related to…
◦ Higher self-confidence
◦ Social competence-intimacy
◦ Academic and occupational achievements
- Peer social status is determined by two factors. What are they?
Socially appropriate behaviors
2.Aggressive behaviors
◦ Instrumental/Physical/Overt aggression
◦ Relational (or social) aggression
- Erikson described a theory of development that consists of 8 stages. As a teacher, you will need to be familiar with stages 3-5. Make sure you’re able to describe the following stages: Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, and Identity vs. Diffusion.
Psychosocial crisis – during each developmental stage, an individual faces and ideally masters a new psychological and social challenge.
Trust VS mistrust
Autonomy VS shame/doubt
Initiative VS Guilt - preschool, family and early childhood educators, learning to color, write, using pretend play
Industry VS inferiority – school age, parents, teachers, and peers, learning read and complete tasks
Identity VS Diffusion – adolescence, peer groups and role models, more time with friends and romantic partners.
Intimacy VS Isoloation
Generativity VS stagnation
Integrity VS despair
- Describe Marcia’s categories of identity development and the two dimensions that identity development is rated on.
commitment - across exploration - down yes yes - idenity achieved no yes - moratorium yes no - identity foreclosesure no no - identity diffusion
sex/gender; gender identity; gender-role identity; gender-role attitude
Sex/gender
Sex – biological identity of male or female
Gender – social definition that included behaviors learned fromt eh environment about being male or female
Gender Identity
- Refers to the knowledge that one is biologically male or female
Gender Role Idenity - the knowledge that one behaves appropriately according to societal expectations for ones gender.
Masculine: athletic aggressive dominant
Feminine: affectionate, warm gentle
Androgynous: having both masculine and feminine characteristics
Gender Role attuitde – refers to approval or disapproval towards societal expectations for ones gender.
self-concept and self-esteem
Self concept
Perceptions/Cognitions of oneself
Higher self-concept academic achievement
Self estem
Affective/Evaluations of oneself
Global and Domain-specific
Higher self-esteem academic achievement
- In order, list and describe Kohlberg’s three levels of moral reasoning. Hint: You will not need to know the six individual stages.
- Preconventional level ◦ Self-interest
- Conventional level ◦ External authorities
- Postconventional level ◦ Personal convictions of right/wrong
Punishment/obedience – focus on the consequences of behavior
Naïve Hedonistic – focus on the equal exchange, manipulative reciprocity
Interpersonal authority – focus on conforming to rules of parents and other family memebers
Social authority – focus on conforming to laws and norms of society
Morality of social contract – focus on personal decisions to determine when and how rules should be bent
Morality of individual principles – focus on what will most benefit society as a whole of the greater good
- What was Gilligan’s main criticism of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Citrizied for focusing on the justice as the overarching theme in determining the level of moral reasoning.
Kohlberg’s early research samples = all males
◦ Men justice-oriented
◦ Women caring-oriented
Recent findings (research):
◦ Not confirmed any clear-cut gender differences
◦ 2 separate orientations (justice & caring) not established for males/females
◦ Most people use combo of justice & caring
are two key ingredients of prosocial behavior.
- Perspective taking
◦ The ability to understand another person’s situation or state - Empathy
◦ The ability to experience the emotions or feelings of another person
Note: To have empathy, a person must have perspectivetaking skills
- What is hostile attribution bias? Name the six steps in which social information is processed, and then give an example of hostile attribution bias occurring in daily life.
Hostile Attribute Bias
is the tendency to interpret others’ behaviors as having hostile intent, even when the behavior is ambiguous or benign.
Social Information processed in 6 steps:
- Encoding cues
- Interpretation of cues
- Clarification of goals
- Response access
- Response decision
- Behavioral enactment
- How is moral development associated with parenting strategies? Peers? Schools?
Parenting
Induction
Nurturance
Demandingness
Modeling
Democratic processes
Peers
Peer relationships must include reciprocity
Sharing is important for younger children
Perspective-taking develops in peer relations
Peer interaction is essential for moving to higher levels of cognitive moral reasoning
School
Create a climate of trust
Developmental discipline
Service Learning – Community Service Curriculum
Challenge the status quo
School-based interventions
- List some benefits and drawbacks (at least three of each) for using labels to refer to disabilities.
Problems
• Does not tell which method of teaching is best
• Can be mistaken for explanation of behavior
• Can have disagreements over labels
• Stigmatization
• Heterogeneity within categories
Advantages
• Similarities can help make generalizations in strategies
• Special interest groups
• Federal funding
