Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the T state of glycogen phosphorylase less active?

A

the active site is partially blocked

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2
Q

What physiological conditions render phophorylase b less active?

A

high ATP and high G6P levels

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3
Q

In muscle, the first event in the breakdown of glycogen due to binding of a hormone is that

A

G protein is activated

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4
Q

Why is glycogen branching important?

A

branching increases the solubility of glycogen

Branching increases glycogen synthesis and degradation by increasing the potential sites of action

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5
Q

Delta E is a measure of a molecule’s

A

ability to donate or accept electrons

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6
Q

Complex I is a complex in the electron transport chain. This complex is most likely

A

amphilic

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7
Q

A transcription factor

A

binds to DNA

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8
Q

The SRP for NAD+/NADH redox =-0.32V thus, NADH is a

A

good electron donor

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9
Q

The standard electron potential is a comparison of

A

the electron donating capability of a molecule relative to the H2/H+ redox couple

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10
Q

When mitochondria are actively carrying out aerobic respiration, the pH of the matrix is

A

greater than the pH of the IMS

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11
Q

The final reduced species in the electron transport chain is

A

H2O

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12
Q

T/F

Cytochrome c only participates in one-electron transfers.

A

True

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13
Q

What are the two main tissues that store glycogen

A

muscle and liver

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14
Q

What does epinephrine do?

A

causes the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase a to make glycogen synthase b and causes the phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase b to make glycogen phoshphorylase a

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15
Q

In terms of glycogen phosphoylase, of which form does most of the allosteric regulation exist?

A

b

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16
Q

The purpose of glycogenin is

A

to prime for glycogen synthesis because glycogen synthase can only add UDPglucose to the glycogen chain if it contains more than 4 glucose molecules

17
Q

How is energy used to make ATP “stored” by the electron transport chain?

A

protons are non-spontaneously pumped into the unfavorable region, the intermembrane space

18
Q

The loss of the AMP-binding site in muscle glycogen phosphorylase could lead to

A

phosphorylase b will be inactive even when the AMP level is high. Hence, glycogen will not be degraded in the muscle unless glycogen phosphorylase is converted into the a form by a hormone induced pathway

19
Q

What would happen to a human if there was a mutation of Ser 14 to Ala 14 in its liver glycogen phosphorylase?

A

b cannot be converted into the much more active a form. Hence, the mobilization of liver glycogen will be markedly impaired

20
Q

CoQ is a mobile electron carrier in the ETC. It is most likely

A

hydrophobic

21
Q

Why can’t G1P leave the cell?

A

there is no membrane transporter for G1P

22
Q

The hemes on Complex IV are considered

A

prosthetic groups

23
Q

In general, transaminase catalyzes

A

a group transfer

24
Q

The glycerol 3 phosphate dehydrogenase shuttle provides

A

means to collect the electrons from NADH reduced in glycoslysis

25
T/F | A typical muscle cell during rest will have more glycogen phosphorylase b and more glycogen synthase a
True
26
What is the purpose of the Q cycle?
it allows for a mobile carrier of 2 electrons to donate them to an acceptor that only takes 1 electron
27
A synthase generally catalyzes
a covalent bond formation
28
When glucose levels are high ____ is released into the bloodstream, and when glucose levels are low ____ is released.
insulin, epinephrine
29
What does insulin do?
activates GLUT4 receptors by making them more sensitive to glucose on fat and muscle cells
30
The relative concentrations of ATP and ADP control the cellular rates of
transition reaction ETC glycolsysis
31
What is unique about the active site of glycogen phosphorylase?
the active site is wide enough for approximately 5 glucose molecules to fit in the region
32
What does insulin inhibit?
glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)
33
What two metabolites are predicted to increase in skeletal muscle when fat becomes the major substrate oxidized?
acetyl CoA, citrate