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Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Round or irregular macular lesion, larger than petechia, color varies and changes from black, yellow, and green hues, secondary to blood extravasation, associated with trauma, bleeding tendencies

A

Ecchymosis

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2
Q

Discoloration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath, typically caused by bruising

A

Ecchymosis

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3
Q

Flat, nonpalpable skin color change (color may be brown, white, tan, purple, red)
Less than 1 cm in size with circumscribed regular borders

A

Macule

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4
Q

Freckles and moles are examples of..

A

Macules

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5
Q

Elevated mass with transient borders, often irregular, size and color vary
Caused by movement of serous fluid into the dermis and does not contain free fluid in a cavity like a vesicle does

A

Wheal

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6
Q

Hives (uticaria) and insect bites are examples of..

A

Wheals

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7
Q

Pus filled vesicle or bulla

A

Pustule

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8
Q

Acne, impetigo, furuncles, and carbuncles are examples of..

A

Pustules

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9
Q

Herpes simplex/zoster, varicella, poison ivy, and a 2nd degree burn blister are examples of..

A

Vesicles

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10
Q

Circumscribed, elevated, palpable mass containing serous fluid less than 0.5 cm

A

Vesicles

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11
Q

Herpes simplex/zoster, varicella, poison ivy, and a 2nd degree burn blister are examples of..

A

Vesicles

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12
Q

Loss of superficial epidermis that does not extend to dermis, depressed, moist area

A

Erosion

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13
Q

Ruptured vesicles and scratch marks are examples of..

A

Erosion

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14
Q

Skin loss extending past epidermis, necrotic tissue loss, bleeding and scarring possible

A

Ulcer

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15
Q

Circumscribed, elevated, palpable mass containing serous fluid greater than 0.5 cm

A

Bulla

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16
Q

Contact dermatitis, large burn blisters, poison ivy, and impetigo are examples of a…

A

Bulla

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17
Q

Shape varies, spiderlike or linear, color is bluish or red, does not blanch when pressure is applied, noted on legs and anterior chest, secondary to superficial dilation of venous vessels and capillaries, associated with increased venous pressure states (varicosities)

A

Telangiectasia

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18
Q

Shape varies, spiderlike or linear, color is bluish or red, does not blanch when pressure is applied, noted on legs and anterior chest, secondary to superficial dilation of venous vessels and capillaries, associated with increased venous pressure states (varicosities)

A

Telangiectasia

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19
Q

Hives are also called..

A

Urticaria

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20
Q

What are the functions of the skin

A

Protection
1st line of defense for immune system
Contains melanocytes which pigment the skin and tan the skin when it is exposed to sunlight
Thermoregulation (keep core body temperature at right levels)
Allows you to feel sensations
Excretes waste like sweat but also protects body from water loss
Helps make vitamin D

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21
Q

Honey colored drainage that is very contagious
Part of group A streptococcus
Should use soap and water several times a day
Do not reuse wash cloths because we dont want it to spread to other areas of skin
Use topical and oral antibiotics to help it

A

Impetigo

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22
Q

Acne, impetigo, furuncles (infection deep in the follicle), and carbuncles are examples of..

A

Pustules

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23
Q

Honey colored drainage that is very contagious
Part of group A streptococcus
Should use soap and water several times a day
Do not reuse wash cloths because we dont want it to spread to other areas of skin
Use topical and oral antibiotics to help it

A

Impetigo

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24
Q

MRSA (methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus) is caused by..

A

People not taking all of their medications

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25
The dormant chicken pox (varicella zoster) virus | Causes pain and vesicles along the dermatomes
Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
26
The dormant chicken pox (varicella zoster) virus Causes pain and vesicles along the dermatomes Appears in immunosuppressed patients and typically older patients
Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
27
This medication should be administered within 24 hours of the initial eruption of shingles
``` Acyclovir (Zovirax) or Valacyclovir (Valtrex) or Famciclovir (Famvir) ```
28
These help shingles to heal faster and many help reduce the incidence and duration of PHN (postherpetic neuralgia) which is the last and very painful phase of shingles
Systemic corticosteroids
29
Pediculosis is..
Lice
30
Pediculosis capitus is..
Head lice
31
Pediculosis corporus is..
Body lice
32
Phthirus pubis is..
Pubic lice
33
Sarcoptes scabei (mites) are..
Scabies
34
Sarcoptes scabei (mites) are..
Scabies
35
When should you treat scabies
When you live with someone who has it | Or when you have come in contact with someone who has it
36
Pediculosis capitus (head lice) is VERY
Contagious (but not a sign on uncleanliness)
37
How do you treat head lice
Insecticide or mayonnaise treatment
38
What should you do after you have used the treatment for head lice
Used a fine tooth comb to remove dead lice
39
What should you do with linens are furniture after someone with lice has come in contact with it
Bag anything that cant be washed for at least 2 weeks Wash linens with very hot water and put them in a hot dryer for a long time Vacuum floors and furniture
40
How should you treat pediculosis corporis (body lice)
Bathe in soap and water | Apply insecticide
41
How you remove nits/body lice from eye lashes
Apply vaseline and come off nits
42
Pediculosis pubis is also considered an..
STD
43
You should beware of seizures with insecticide because its..
Toxic to the CNS
44
What medications are used to treat scabies and how
Scabicide and it should be left on for 12-24 hours
45
What medications are used to treat scabies and how
Scabicide and it should be left on for 12-24 hours
46
This may occur even after the scabies are dead
Pruritis (itching) its normal, do not apply more treatment
47
How you remove nits (baby lice) from eye lashes
Apply vaseline and come off nits
48
What medications are used to treat scabies and how
Shower with warm soapy water | Scabicide and it should be left on for 12-24 hours
49
This may occur even after the scabies are dead
Pruritis (itching) its normal, do not apply more treatment | Appears under the skin as an exclamation point
50
In the folds of skin from unclean people
Scabies
51
Silvery white scales or lesions in patches Chronic non-infectious inflammatory disease It is a life long disease that will get worse, then better, worse, then better and so on When epidermal cells are turning over too fast It is not painful and it is not contagious
Psoriasis
52
Best way to treat psoriasis
Take baths to remove the scales, but don't over wash Creams can help Prevent dryness and injury to the skin
53
Might aggravate psoriasis
OTC drugs, heat, and stress
54
Corticosteroids were a treatment for psoriasis but its very dangerous on the skin and especially around the eyes because..
It can cause cataracts
55
Corticosteroids were a treatment for psoriasis but its very dangerous on the skin and especially around the eyes because..
It can cause cataracts
56
The most common type of skin cancer but rarely fatal Occurs in lighter skin people, older people, and can occur from sunburns as a child, those with an outdoor occupation are also at risk
Basal cell carcinoma
57
What is the difference between basal and squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell is localized | Squamous can metastasize and is much harder to treat
58
What is the difference between basal and squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell is localized | Squamous can metastasize and is much harder to treat
59
The most lethal of all skin cancers It can be superficial spreading or nodular Risk factors include sun exposure, in the US its usually the left arm Incidence and mortality rates are increasing Peaks at 20-45 years old
Malignant melanoma
60
What is the treatment for malignant melanoma
They can do a wide surgical incision | If it has metastasized then they can use chemo or radiation
61
What is the ABCDE rule
Signs of melanoma ``` A: asymmetric B: borders are irregular C: color variations D: diameter greater than 6 mm E: elevated and evolving ```
62
A rash of purple spots caused by internal bleeding
Purpura
63
What does someone who is dehydrated look like
Their skin turgor will not snap back Their mouth will feel dry and will be pulled back from their teeth Their eyes will be sunken back into their head Their cheeks will be hollowed out
64
How can you help someone who is dehydrated
Give them fluids, either orally or IV
65
How can you help someone who is dehydrated
Give them fluids, either orally or IV
66
What is the normal range for sodium
135-145 mEq/L
67
Signs of hyponatremia
Lethargic, headache, confused, tired
68
Treatment for hyponatremia
They have too little salt because they have too much water so we want to restrict water intake or give them a diuretic such as lasix or furosemide, lower their saline if they are being given too much Could also give a sodium replacement or extra salt, vegetables in the can, salty snacks, chips
69
Signs of hypernatremia
``` FRIED F: fever R: restless I: increased B/P E: edema/swelling D: decreased output ```
70
Treatment for hypernatremia
With hypernatremia they have too much salt so we want to try and dilute that salt down Might increase their saline to dilute the salt, this time you want to add water to their diet rather than decrease it like in hyponatremic patients, and make sure their liquids are very low in sodium Have them rinse off canned vegetables because that is a lot of salt
71
What is the normal range for potassium
3.5-5 mEq/L
72
Signs of hypokalemia
Generalized weakness Cardiac dysrhythmias EKG monitor might show changes in heart rhythm
73
Treatment for hypokalemia
Add more potassium in diet either by supplement or IV (make sure its diluted, can never give potassium push) Are they on lasix? We lose potassium with diuretics so make sure if they are on a diuretic that we are giving potassium as well Broccoli, bananas, dark leafy greens, fortified cereals, orange juice, raisins are all high in potassium
74
Signs of hyperkalemia
Irritable, anxious, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, weakness, an irregular pulse, and loose stools Could have hyperkalemia with renal failure as well because kidneys get rid of potassium Aladactone and spironolactone medications cause patients to hold on to potassium as well
75
Treatment for hyperkalemia
Limit dietary potassium Give a diuretic to flush some out Kayexalate is a liquid that does not taste good and causes diarrhea so it will get rid of excess potassium Dialysis (eliminates waste) Monitor ECG because too much potassium can cause heart problems
76
Treatment for hyperkalemia
Limit dietary potassium Give a diuretic to flush some out Kayexalate is a liquid that does not taste good and causes diarrhea so it will get rid of excess potassium Dialysis (eliminates waste) Monitor ECG because too much potassium can cause heart problems
77
What are normal calcium ranges
8.5-10.5 mg/dL
78
Signs of hypocalcemia
``` (too much calcium in the bones and not enough in the blood/body) Painful muscle spasms like a charlie horse Tetany or lock jaw Things get really right Paresthesia Muscle aches Seizures Achy bones ```
79
Treatment of hypocalcemia
``` Calcium gluconate Calcium and vitamin D supplements Broccoli, tofu, green leafy veggies, baked beans, salmon, and sardines Weight bearing exercises will help Can give calcium via IV ```
80
Pumping a blood pressure cuff up, leave it on for a minute or so, their hand with rise and make a T if they have too little calcium
Trousseau's sign
81
If you tap their cheek they will do a half smile indicating too little calcium
Chvostek's sign
82
Signs of hypercalcemia
``` Nausea and vomiting Decreased appetite Thirsty Frequent urination Constipated Weak, lose muscles Confusion Lethargic and very tired (this is the opposite of hypocalcemia when they are really tense) ```
83
Signs of hypercalcemia
``` Nausea and vomiting (groans) Decreased appetite Thirsty Frequent urination -calcium makes kidney stones which can lead to renal fail Constipated Weak, lose muscles Confusion (moans) Lethargic and very tired (this is the opposite of hypocalcemia when they are really tense) ```
84
Treatment for hypercalcemia
Dilute the calcium with fluids possible IV to try and push it out (furosemide works well) 3-4 liters/day of fluid Calcetonin drags the calcium back into the bones (this works well for osteoporosis too) Bisphosphonates put calcium back into the bones too
85
Normal ranges for magnesium
1.5-2.5 mg/dL
86
Signs of hypomagnesemia
``` Vomiting Looks similar tetany in hypocalcemic patients: confusion, tremors, seizures Enteral or parenteral feedings might be too low in magnesium Occurs from: -Medications -DKA -Sepsis -Burns -Hypothermia Often accompanied by hypocalcemia Dysphagia is common ```
87
Treatment for hypomagnesemia
Oral magnesium or magnesium sulfate IV | Beans, nuts, whole grains
88
Treatment for hypomagnesemia
Oral magnesium or magnesium sulfate IV | Beans, nuts, whole grains
89
Signs of hypermagnesemia
Muscle weakness, decreased reflexes, hypotension, drowsy, decreased RR Renal failure can occur just like in hypercalcemia
90
Treatment of hypermagnesemia
Diuretics Hemodialysis NS IV to try and dilute the magnesium in the blood Do not administer meds containing magnesium
91
What is a normal pH
7.35-7.45
92
Metabolic always blaming it on the
Bicarb (HCO3)
93
Respiratory always blaming it on the
CO2
94
Metabolic acidosis is a ___ pH and a ___ bicarb
Low pH | Low bicarb
95
Metabolic alkalosis is a ____ pH and a ____ bicarb
High pH | High bicarb
96
Respiratory acidosis is a ____ pH and a ____ Co2
Low pH | High Co2
97
Respiratory alkalosis is ___ pH and a ____ Co2
High pH | Low Co2
98
Respiratory alkalosis is ___ pH and a ____ Co2
High pH | Low Co2
99
Causes of metabolic acidosis
Renal failure Sepsis DKA (body is trying to blow Co2/acid out cuz it has too much) Diarrhea (lose base out the butt)
100
Causes of metabolic alkalosis
Vomiting or gastric secretion (getting rid of too much acid)
101
Causes of respiratory acidosis
Holding your breath (holding on to too much Co2)
102
Causes of respiratory alkalosis
Hyperventilating (breathing in too much O2)
103
Co2 above 45 is..
Acidic
104
Co2 below 35 is..
Basic
105
HCo3 above 26 is..
Basic
106
HCo3 below 22 is..
Acidic
107
HCo3 below 22 is..
Acidic
108
Fully compensated is when the pH is..
Normal
109
To be partially compensated..
Something has to be the opposite of the pH

Med Surg 1 (4 decks)

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