Exam 4 Flashcards
What is Behavior?
the range of actions and mannerisms made by organisms, systems, or artificial entities in conjunction with their environment. It is the response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary.
What is Ethology?
the scientific and objective study of animal behavior, and is a sub-topic of zoology.
What is the Behavioral Process?
!!!
Behaviors can be
innate or learned
Konrad Lorenz is associated with what concept?
fixed action patterns
fixed action patterns are
instinctive responses that would occur reliably in the presence of identifiable stimuli. produced by a neural network known as the innate releasing mechanism in response to an external sensory stimulus known as a sign stimulus or releaser.
Karl von Frisch is associated with what?
so-called “dance language” related to bee communication.
Nikolaas Tinbergen is associated with what?
He is well known for originating the four questions he believed should be asked of any animal behaviour,[
What were Tinbergen’s 4 questions?
- ) Causation: what are the stimuli that elicit the response, and how has it been modified by recent learning?
- ) Development: how does the behaviour change with age, and what early experiences are necessary for the behaviour to be shown?
- ) Evolution: how does the behaviour change with age, and what early experiences are necessary for the behaviour to be shown?
- ) Function: how does the behaviour impact on the animal’s chances of survival and reproduction?
what is Nature versus nurture?
The nature versus nurture debate concerns the relative importance of an individual’s innate qualities versus personal experiencesindividual differences in physical and behavioral traits.
Violence and TV?
Television in the home is the greatest source of visual violence for children.
Lord of the Flies
The book portrays their descent into savagery; left to themselves in a paradisiacal country, far from modern civilisation, the well-educated children regress to a primitive state.
Types of Behavior
- ) taxis = orientation
- ) Reflex = automatic response
- ) Instinct = fixed action pattern
- ) Learning = modification of behavior by experience
- ) Reasoning = response to novel situation
Types of Learning
- ) Habituation a form of adaptive behavior (or neuroplasticity) that is classified as nonassociative learning.
- ) Conditioning usually done by pairing the two stimuli, as in Pavlov’s classic experiments.
- ) Trial & Error - usually self learned.
- ) Imprinting - hard-wiring
Reasoning =
Insight the understanding of a specific cause and effect in a specific context.
Aggressive Behavior is
behavior, or a disposition, that is forceful, hostile or attacking.
Aggression can be related to
space, food, territory, mates, anything in short supply.
Two categories of aggression
- ) affective (emotional) and hostile or retaliatory aggression.
- ) other includes instrumental, goal-oriented or predatory aggression.
How to show aggression:
Verbal warning of various sorts Display of weapons Staring at opponent Demonstrate weapons Threat signs Yelling Increase in size Posturing Displacement behavior
Displaying aggression is
Highly stereotyped
Highly ritualized
Highly standardized among Vertebrates
Who to avoid aggression
Can lose Can lose and get hurt Win, get resource -- heavy energy toll Win, get resource, get hurt Win, lose resource Win, lose resource, get hurt No win-win situation
Aggression increases
- As mating season approaches
- With unfamiliarity with opponent
- Similarity in age
Dominance is
- Based on size & strength
Submissive behavior
Advantages & costs of alpha position
Alpha male vs alpha female
Dominance in humans
-Size & strength are less important
$$, position, relatives, brains
Formation of alliances, factions, coalitions
Position changes with situation
Submissive Behavior
Used to re-enforce dominance \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Greetings – sniffing, vocalization Clothing & adornments Salute, kneel, bow \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Territory
any sociographical area that an animal of a particular species consistently defends against conspecifics
Sociobiology is a scientific study based on:
The assumption that social behavior has resulted from evolution.
Some behaviors both social and individual…
Are at least partly inherited and can be affected by natural selection.
Assumptions of sociobiology:
- natural selection can occur at any level from genes to groups.
- genes control certain behaviors.
Examples of group selection:
- male protects herd (young and female).
- flock of birds warning ca
- wolves hunting
Behavior not always:
- against predators
- correct
The hallmark of sociobiology
Altruism
Altruism is
The principle or practice of concern for the welfare of others.
Why is this not a good thing to do?
If one practices altruism then they will be helping the weakest survive and thus go against natural selection where the fittest in society survive and the weaker genes die off.
Altruism requires
Personal sacrifices and leads to a decrease in personal freedoms.
Spite
- loss of fitness for victim and yourself
- suicide bomber
Selfish
- loss of fitness for victim
- gain of fitness for yourself
- cheat on a test
- ranges from self-assertiveness to stealing.
- societal laws regulate what is acceptable and what are punishments.
Self-Indulgence
- no impact for victim
- gain in fitness for you
- pornography
- acceptable as a child less acceptable as an adult.
Cooperation
- gain in fitness for victim and yourself
- basis of our socioeconomic system.
- one good turn deserves another.
Courteous
- gain in fitness for victim
- no impact for yourself
- kindness, generosity, philanthropy
Altruism
- gain in fitness for victim
- loss of fitness
- glue that holds communities together
Who created Sociobiology?
E.O Wilson
Social Insects:
ants, bees, termites, wasps.
E.O. Wilson’s ants
Ants have no choice but to care for the colony as a whole. Worker ants cannot reproduce so they must protect those who can.
Meanwhile humans can reproduce without a Queen so they aren’t as committed to taking care of the group.
Social Insects: Ants
Queen = fertile
King = fertile
Workers = all are sterile
Often several castes.
Male promiscuity
death in combat & food gathering don’t know if father, jealous; More to lose in contest over females. Female hides estrous to keep male Male investment tiny (sperm) compared to female; but females often scarce.
Females & Hunter-gatherer
Male hunted – 1-10% success
Female gathered 90+% food
Anti-feminist but females allowed males to hunt.
No longer need bow & arrow, gun,
Now females hunt in meat section, and males gather in produce section.
Ultimate…..Boston Market!!
sex
Females investment great, so secrecy of estrous & father to insure monogamy
Mother protects young. Reason obvious, yet child is selfish…. Wants to survive. Mom wants to stop nursing; baby not. So Mom uses force; baby uses psych. warfare.
Parents have limited resources, so demand sharing as # of offspring rises.
Exceptions to sharing concept.
Ecology is…
The study of organisms and the interaction between these organisms and their environment.
Environment
external factors affecting an organism.
Abiotic
weather, energy, chemical
Biotic
living portion
Biota =
flora + fauna (and now microbes)
Community
all interacting populations
Ecosystem
all organisms & non-living environment in an area.
Succession
Orderly change in community from simple to complex.
Two types of succession
- ) Primary Succession
2. ) Secondary Succession
Primary Succession
it is the gradual growth of an ecosystem over a longer period. (Lacking Soil)
Secondary Succession
secondary succession is a process started by an event[1] (e.g. forest fire, harvesting, hurricane) that reduces an already established ecosystem (e.g. a forest or a wheat field) to a smaller population of species. (With Soil)
Seral Stages
In a naturally occurring ecosystem, vegetation occurs in a patchwork of different community types and age classes
Climax Community
a biological community of plants and animals which, through the process of ecological succession — the development of vegetation in an area over time — has reached a steady state.
Ecological Energetics
the quantitative study of the flow of energy through ecological systems.
Laws of Thermodynamics
1st Law - Energy can be converted from one form to another but can not be created or destroyed.
2nd Law – The interconversion of energy is never 100%.
Eat – defecate = assimiliate – maintenance = growth + storage + reproduction.
Ingest (1829 cal) – Defecation (454 cal) = Assimilation (1375 cal) – Respiration (802 cal) = Growth (573 cal)
Trophic Level Concept
The trophic level of an organism is the position it occupies in a food chain.
Trophic Levels are:
Top Carnivore – 5o Consumer – Killer Whale 3o Carnivore – 4o Consumer - seal 2o Carnivore – 3o Consumer – Sardines 1o Carnivore – 2o Consumer - Anchovies Herbivore – 1o Consumer - zooplankton Primary Producer -phytoplankton Sun (ultimate source of energy[*]) [*] Deep sea vents; petroleum, coal
Energy Flow
the flow of energy through a food chain.
About Energy Flow
One eyed, one horned, flying purple people eater (1 unit of energy) Biology 7 student (10 units of energy) Cow (100 units of energy) Alfalfa sprouts (1000 units of energy) Sun (10,000 units of energy) Ecological efficiency = 10%
Marine Intertidal Food Web
“Web” as in a spider’s web.
Note “blur” in trophic levels.
“Keystone” species.
Broad niche
a type of organism that can generally live anywhere or eat most things. Generalist, jack-of-all-trades No special tools Gas station mechanic Family practice Barnes & Noble
Narrow Niche
Specialist Special equipment Transmission man. Brain surgeon Adult book store!
Competitive Exclusion Principle
a proposition which states that two species competing for the same resources cannot coexist if other ecological factors are constant.
Merriam’s Life Zones
was developed by C. Hart Merriam in 1889 as a means of describing areas with similar plant and animal communities. Merriam observed that the changes in these communities with an increase in latitude at a constant elevation are similar to the changes seen with an increase in elevation at a constant latitude.
life zones that Merriam identified
Lower Sonoran (low, hot desert): Creosotebush, Joshua Tree
Upper Sonoran (desert steppe or chaparral): Sagebrush, Scrub Oak, Colorado Pinyon, Utah Juniper
Transition (open woodlands): Ponderosa Pine
Canadian (fir forest): Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir, Quaking Aspen
Hudsonian (spruce forest): Engelmann Spruce, Rocky Mountains Bristlecone Pine
Arctic-Alpine (alpine meadows or tundra): Lichen, Grass
Lower Sonoran
low, hot desert
Deserts or
Dependent upon rains
Grasslands
Upper Sonoran
desert steppe or chaparral
Chaparral
Scrub vegetation
Santa Monica Mtns