Exam 4/29

Question 1

What principle is NOT derived from the psychological studies on competition and cooperation?

Answer 1

People are born either competitive or cooperative

Question 2

What did Deutsch’s study on competition and cooperation find?

a. Communication patterns differ based on cooperative or competitive instruction
b. Students receiving competitive instruction showed closed communication
c. Students receiving cooperative instruction communicated openly
d. All of the above

Answer 2

d. All of the above

Question 3

The first experiment investigating the effects of competition on performance was conducted by?

Answer 3

Triplett

Question 4

Which of the following is (are) true?

a. Cooperation produces a higher level of achievement than competition
b. Cooperation produces a higher level of achievement than individualistic behavior
c. There is no difference in achievement produced by cooperation and competition
d. a and b
e. none of the above

Answer 4

d. a and b

Question 5

According to Coakley, which of the following is (are) characteristics of unstructured youth sport?

a. Personal involvement in the action is maximized
b. It provides opportunities to reaffirm friendships
c. Teams are relatively even
d. All of the above
e. a and b

Answer 5

d. All of the above

Question 6

In relation to the subjective competitive situation, which of the following is(are) true?

a. Males score higher than females on win orientation
b. Females score higher than males on goal orientation
c. Athletes score higher than nonathletes in competitive orientation
d. all of the above
e. a and b

Answer 6

d. all of the above

Question 7

Which of the following is a competitive situation according to Martens’ definition of the objective competitive situation?

a. A runner competing in a 100 yard dash
b. a swimmer working out by himself
c. a swimmer working out with his coach watching him
d. all of the above
e. a and c

Answer 7

e. a and c

Question 8

Which of the following is(are) characteristics of cooperative games?

a. They require little equipment or money
b. They emphasize participation by all players
c. Players learn from mistakes rather than hide from them
d. all of the above

Answer 8

d. all of the above

Question 9

One athlete looks forward to competition while another dreads the event. What is this an example of?

a. Objective competitive situation
b. Subjective competitive situation
c. Response
d. Consequences

Answer 9

b. Subjective competitive situation

Question 10

Team building is considered part of which stage of team development?

a. Forming
b. Storming
c. Norming
d. Performing
e. Joining

Answer 10

a. Forming

Question 11

Dean Smith often played his reserves as a unit early in the game. What is this an example of?

a. Role acceptance
b. Role reversal
c. Group norms
d. Group cohesion
e. Group solidarity

Answer 11

a. Role acceptance

Question 12

What does role clarity refer to?

a. Accepting and willing to carry out your specific role
b. Understanding exactly what your role is for the team
c. Formal roles of a team or organization
d. a and c
e. none of the above

Answer 12

b. Understanding exactly what your role is for the team

Question 13

A level of performance, pattern of behavior, or belief that is formally or informally established as appropriate by a group is called a

a. norm
b. sanction
c. role
d. team climate
e. standard

Answer 13

a. norm

Question 14

If a rookie tried to take charge and exert leadership in critical games despite the fact that there was a veteran leader on the team, this would be considered a violation of

a. group norms
b. group cohesion
c. group solidarity
d. group identity
e. none of the above

Answer 14

a. group norms

Question 15

Having athletes eat or live together is an example of which factor that is important in developing an effective team climate?

a. Social support
b. Distinctiveness
c. Proximity
d. Fairness
e. Similarity

Answer 15

c. Proximity

Question 16

Research has indicated that social support can have a positive impact on which of the following?

a. Recovery from injury
b. Coping with stress
c. Team cohesion
d. All of the above
e. a and c

Answer 16

d. All of the above

Question 17

Having members of an exercise class all wear special T-shirts with special logos is a way of enhancing group

a. Distinctiveness
b. Similarity
c. Proximity
d. Attractiveness
e. None of the above

Answer 17

a. Distinctiveness

Question 18

The phenomenon in which an individual performance decreases as the number of people in the group increases is known as the

a. Ringlemann effect
b. New York effect
c. Steiner effect
d. Weakest link effect
e. None of the above

Answer 18

a. Ringlemann effect

Question 19

The results of a study by Ingham and colleagues using rope pulling, in which they thought they were pulling on the rope when they were not, indicated that differences between actual and potential performances were due to

a. Decrease in coordination
b. Decrease in motivation
c. Decrease in both coordination and motivation
d. Decrease in neither coordination nor motivation
e. Increase in both coordination and motivation

Answer 19

b. Decrease in motivation

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of sports teams?

a. Collective sense of identity
b. Structured models of communication
c. Specific leadership styles
d. norms
e. distinctive roles

Answer 20

c. Specific leadership styles

Question 21

Which of the following is(are) true regarding two-person teams?

a. Athletes felt greater responsibility than larger teams did
b. Only task cohesion was important to success
c. Athletes had both team and individual-oriented attitudes
d. a and c

Answer 21

d. a and c

Question 22

The Leadership Scale for Sports identifies which coaching behaviors?

a. Social support
b. Democratic behavior
c. Autocratic behavior
d. All of the above
e. a and c

Answer 22

d. All of the above

Question 23

“Great leaders are made, not born” This statement is an example of which approach to leadership?

a. Trait
b. Behavioral
c. Situational
d. Situational–Behavioral
e. Trait–Behavioral

Answer 23

b. Behavioral

Question 24

Smith and Smoll’s studies on coaching behaviors and Little League coaches found that

a. Coaches can change their behavior to become more positive
b. Coaches can’t control their positive behaviors
c. Coaches can’t control their negative behaviors
d. Coaches have high self-esteem
e. Coaches with high self-esteem exhibit negative behaviors

Answer 24

a. Coaches can change their behavior to become more positive

Question 25

In the classic study of John Wooden, Tharp and Gallimore found that his most often used coaching behavior was

a. Statements of displeasure
b. Praise and encouragement
c. Verbal instruction
d. Combining instruction with punishment
e. Modeling correct behavior

Answer 25

c. Verbal Instruction

Question 26

Fielder’s research has identified which two types of leadership styles?

a. Relationship oriented and task oriented
b. Situation oriented and task oriented
c. Task oriented and initiating structure oriented
d. Relationship oriented and situation oriented
e. None of the above

Answer 26

a. Relationship oriented and task oriented

Question 27

The study using interviews of elite gymnasts coaches showed that expert coaches did not exhibit which of the following behaviors?

a. Gave technical instruction
b. Provided a supportive environment through positive feedback
c. Pushed gymnasts by constantly issuing threats and yelling
d. Stressed conditioning

Answer 27

c. Pushed gymnasts by constantly issuing threats and yelling

Question 28

Regardless of age, athletes prefer coaches who

a. Give positive feedback
b. Give technical instruction
c. Give negative feedback
d. b and c
e. a and b

Answer 28

e. a and b

Question 29

When coaches obtain the necessary information from relevant players and then come to a decision, what type of decision style are they using?

a. Consultative–Individual
b. Autocratic–Consultative
c. Consultative–Group
d. Group
e. Relationship–Consultative

Answer 29

b. Autocratic–Consultative

Question 30

Which of the following statements is(are) true?

a. Athletes high in internal locus of control prefer training and instruction coaching
b. Athletes high in external locus of control prefer democratic coaching
c. Females high in trait anxiety prefer autocratic coaching
d. b and c
e. a and c

Answer 30

a. Athletes high in internal locus of control prefer training and instruction coaching

Question 31

According to research on leadership behavior in youth sports by Smith and colleagues, which of the following is (are) true?

a. Little League players playing for coaches who attended a workshop designed to facilitate positive coach-athlete interaction had a higher dropout rate than a comparable control group.
b. Players with high self-esteem were not as affected by coaches’ supportiveness and instructiveness as players with low self-esteem.
c. Players with low self-esteem were not as affected by coaches’ supportiveness and instructiveness as players with high self-esteems.
d. a and b
e. a and c

Answer 31

b. Players with high self-esteem were not as affected by coaches’ supportiveness and instructiveness as players with low self-esteem.

Question 32

What are two major categories of behavior from the Coaching Behavior Assessment System?

a. Reactive and instructional
b. Reactive and spontaneous
c. Spontaneous and instructional
d. Praise and punishment
e. Reactive and praise

Answer 32

b. Reactive and spontaneous

Question 33

According to Bill Parcells, which of the following is NOT a quality of successful leadership?

a. Flexibility
b. Candor
c. Trust
d. Patience
e. Loyalty

Answer 33

c. Trust

Question 34

Which of the following is (are) FALSE concerning findings from studies of the antecedent conditions that affect leader behavior?

a. Preference for an autocratic coaching style increases with age
b. Females prefer an autocratic style more than males do
c. Males prefer training and instruction more than females
d. a and b
e. b and c

Answer 34

b. Females prefer an autocratic style more than males do

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT an essential characteristic of leadership development in sport?

a. Strong relationship with parents
b. Enriched tactical knowledge
c. Development of high skill
d. Strong work ethic
e. good rapport with people

Answer 35

a. Strong relationship with parents

Question 36

What are three ways that team captains are selected?

Answer 36

• A leader emerges
• Coach selects leader
• Team vote

Question 37

What is leadership?

Answer 37

When an individual influences a group to achieve a common goal

Question 38

What are some principles of Cooperative Games?

Answer 38

• Maximize Participation
• Maximize opportunities to learn skills
• Positive feedback
• Provide opportunity to play different positions
• Different scoring system