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BIO 225 Exam 4 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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0
Q

Aseptic means without contamination, t/f

A

True

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1
Q

What is sepsis?

A

Microbial contamination

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2
Q

What does sterilization mean?

A

Removal of all microbial contamination

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3
Q

Disinfection removed pathogens from surfaces, yes or no?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What does antiseptic mean?

A

Removing pathogens from living tissues.

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5
Q

Sanitization refers to lowering microbial counts to acceptable public health standards, t or f

A

True

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6
Q

-cide at the end of biocide refers to what?

A

Kills microbes

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7
Q

-asis refers to what?

A

Inhibiting, not killing bacteria

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8
Q

What are the two most difficult microbes to kill?

A

Prions and Endospores

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9
Q

What are the least resistant microbes?

A

Viruses with lipid envelopes (influenza)

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10
Q

Do cold temps kill microbes?

A

No, they become static because temp inhibits growth but doesn’t kill them

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11
Q

What is the temp to keep your fridge ?

A

40C

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12
Q

What are the 5 things that determine the death rate of microbes?

A
  1. Microbe characteristics (mycobacterium vs. HIV)
  2. Environmental conditions (if organic matter is present it is more difficult)
  3. Concentration of agent
  4. Time to exposure
  5. # of microbes at start
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13
Q

How so soaps work to remove microbes?

A

Physical removal

hydrophilic end binds to H2O & hydrophobic end binds to lipids to wash them down the drain

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14
Q

Name a method of removal of microbes that will not cause resistant bacteria.

A

Soap! Because soap physically picks up bacteria and removes it

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15
Q

What disinfectant/antiseptic works to disrupt the plasma membrane?

A

Alcohols, they dissolve the lipids in the plasma membrane

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16
Q

What disinfectant denatures proteins to remove microbes?

A

Phenols (Lysol)

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17
Q

How does UV light damage DNA to disinfect surfaces of microbes?

A

Copies can’t be made because DNA is damaged.

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18
Q

How do H2O2 and bleach work to disinfect?

A

Causing damage to many molecules, if H2O2 bumps into molecule it will damage it.

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19
Q

What are the two ways heat is a physical means to control microbes?

A

Dry-oven at 160c (350F) for several hours

Moist-autoclave 121C for 15min under 15psi

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20
Q

What are the 3 ways to pasteurize as a physical means to control microbes?

A

63C for 30 min (milk)

72C for 15 min

140C for 1 sec.

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21
Q

What is the temp and time for UHT pasteurization?

A

140C for 1 sec.

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22
Q

What is the advantage of UHT pasteurization?

A

Kills food spoilage microbes

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23
Q

What is the boiling temp?

A

100C

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24
Q

What is the major way medical waste is disposed of?

A

Incineration

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25
Q

What technique do we use in lab that is a physical means to control microbes?

A

Flaming (loops)

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26
Q

How does the fridge work as a physical means to control microbes?

A

40C doesn’t kill microbes but does slow down the growth, food will still spoil

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27
Q

How does the freezer work as a physical means to control microbes?

A

Minus 20C, ice crystals may form in cells and may kill them but usually not so freezer cannot be counted on to kill microbes

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28
Q

Which bacteria will reproduce in the freezer?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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29
Q

What is the maximum time hamburger should be kept in the freezer?

A

6 months

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30
Q

What is the term used to refer to the removal of water?

A

Dessication

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31
Q

How does the removal of water act as a physical means to control microbes?

A

Dessication

Adding solutes (salts or sugars)
Ex. Cured hams or jellies
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32
Q

How does filtration work as a physical means to control microbes?

A

HEPA filter

Membrane filters (used to sterilize things that can’t be heated-vaccines, antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins)

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33
Q

How does radiation work as a physical means to control microbes?

A

Ionizing radiation

UV light

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34
Q

What is UV light used to disinfect?

A

Surfaces because it doesn’t penetrate very far

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35
Q

How does ionizing radiation control microbes?

A

It’s a high energy form that uses X-rays and Gamma irradiation to cause a double strand break that is difficult for any organism to repair

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36
Q

How does UV light control microbes?

A

When UV light finds two Thymines it binds them together instead of the Adosines so DNA can’t copy and gene makes unreadable proteins

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37
Q

What are the 10 chemical methods of bacterial control?

A 
Phenol compounds
Chlorhexidine
Halogens
Alcohols
Heavy Metals
Ammonia Compounds
Preservatives
Aldehydes
Gases
Peroxides
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38
Q

How do phenol compounds work as a chemical method of bacterial control?

A

Cresol, phisohex, Lysol

Denature proteins
Effective against TB

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39
Q

How is chlorhexidine a chemical method of bacterial control?

A

Hibiclens

Low toxicity
Effective against spores of parasites

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40
Q

How are halogens a chemical method of bacterial control?

A

Iodine, bleach, betadine-has alcohol added

Iodine for skin
Bleach for surfaces and water

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41
Q

What is the best concentration of alcohol to use as a chemical method of bacterial control?

A

70%

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42
Q

What is used in newborn eyes to prevent possible gonorrhea infection from mother?

A

Silver nitrate

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43
Q

What heavy metal is uses in vaccines as a chemical means of bacterial control?

A

Mercury-Thimerosol

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44
Q

What heavy metal was added to paints as a chemical means of bacterial control?

A

Lead

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45
Q

What heavy metal is used to cut down on algae as a chemical means of bacterial control?

A

Copper

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46
Q

What species of bacteria can grow in ammonia compounds?

A

Pseudomonas

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47
Q

What 3 preservatives are added to food as a chemical means of bacterial control?

A

Sulfites-wine

Nitrates/Nitrites-processed lunch meat

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48
Q

What are the two aldehydes used as chemical means of bacterial control?

A

Formaldehyde

Glutaradehyde

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49
Q

What does glutaraldehyde preserve?

A

Eukaryotic cells, keeps tissues from decaying

Ex. Biopsy preservation

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50
Q

What gas is used as a chemical means of bacterial control?

A

Ethylene oxide

Not wet, so things like mattresses can be treated

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51
Q

What chemical is most effective as a chemical means of bacterial removal?

A

H2O2

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52
Q

Why shouldn’t you keep using peroxide after a cut has been initially cleaned with peroxide?

A

H2O2 won’t allow the tissues to heal, so reactive if you keep using it will damage tissues

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53
Q

What are silent infections?

A

When you don’t have any symptoms so prophylaxis happens with antibiotic therapy

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54
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Chemicals produced by one microorganism to kill or inhibit the growth of another

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55
Q

What are the largest group of antibiotics?

A

Antibacterial drugs

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56
Q

Antibiotics are naturally occurring however can they also be made in the lab?

A

Yes, they are called semi-synthetic antibiotics

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57
Q

What are the largest group of antibiotics?

A

Antibacterial drugs

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58
Q

What is the difference between disinfectants, antiseptics and antimicrobial drugs?

A

Disinfectants are for surfaces

Antiseptics are used topically

Antimicrobial drugs are used internally

59
Q

What does a broad spectrum antibiotic treat? What does it also do to normal flora?

A

Treats multiple types of microbes and also can kill off normal flora

60
Q

Which two infections are intra cellular?

A

Chlamidias and rickettsias

61
Q

Which antibiotic is broad spectrum?

A

Tetracycline

62
Q

If doctor isn’t sure which type of bacterial infection you might have what will he do?

A

Prescribe a broad spectrum antibiotic

63
Q

What does penicillin kill?

A

Gram positive bacteria

64
Q

What are the two advantages for using narrow spectrum antibiotics?

A

Keep normal flora & target specific species

65
Q

What is required for a narrow spectrum antibiotic to be prescribed?

A

Requires proper diagnosis to be sure you are treating correct species

66
Q

What does chloramphenicol cause in some patients? What do doctors
Have to worry about when prescribing?

A

Binds to 50s and inhibits formation of peptide bond,

May end up requiring a bone marrow transplant.

67
Q

What is the name of one of the narrow spectrum antibiotics?

A

Isoniazid

68
Q

What do tetracyclines interfere with?

A

Protein production

69
Q

What can streptomycin cause?

A

Deafness in those patients who are genetically predisposed

70
Q

Which antibiotic used in neosporin increases the permeability of the plasma membrane in bacteria?

A

Polymyxin-B

71
Q

Why is Polymyxin-B used topically?

A

Because it’s toxic to humans, we have plasma membranes in our cells like bacteria

72
Q

Which group of antibiotics inhibit the synthesis of DNA/RNA?

A

Quinolones and rifampin

73
Q

Which antibiotics inhibit metabolic pathways?

A

TMP/SMZ; folic acid pathway, this is a good target because we don’t have it

74
Q

What is antagonism?

A

2 antibiotics working against each other, for example;

If tetracycline and penicillin are prescribed together, it’s ineffective. Tetracyclines shut down protein synthesis and penicillin shuts down peptidoglycan production, if no enzyme activity, no cross bridges for penicillin to stop and they won’t work.

75
Q

Which two species of bacteria produce antibiotics naturally?

A

B. Subtilis and Streptomyces

76
Q

Which two fungi produce antibiotics naturally?

A

Cephalosporium and Penicillum

77
Q

Where are bacteria that produce antibiotics found?

A

In soil

78
Q

Why do some bacteria make antibiotics?

A

To keep competition down because they have to compete for food around them, everything is competition for resources and food.

79
Q

What are the three things in neosporin?

A

Bacitracin
Polymyxin
Neomycin

80
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

Need to kill pathogen, not you!

They need to cause the fewest side effects in host and highest toxicity in pathogen

Need to exploit differences between pathogen and the host

81
Q

Only need to use what concentration of TMP/SMZ because they work so well when prescribed together?

A

10%

82
Q

What % of streptococcus areus is resistant?

A

95%

83
Q

Which drugs will cause bacteria to stop making peptidoglycan (inhibit cell wall synthesis)?

A

Penicillins
Vancomycin
Cephalosporins
Bacitracin

84
Q

Streptococcus aureus is resistant to penicillin and methicillin, what do doctors have to prescribe then to get rid of infection?

A

Vancomycin

85
Q

When do doctors prescribe prophylaxis antibiotic treatment?

A

Before surgery

Before dental work in heart patients

AIDS patients to prevent many infections

86
Q

What does nosocomial mean?

A

Healthcare acquired infections

87
Q

What does in Vivo mean?

A

In the body

88
Q

What does in vitro mean?

A

Outside the body, in the lab

89
Q

What factors affect antimicrobial activity?

A

Metabolic state of pathogen

Distribution of drug is different in different tissues

Location of pathogen

Interfering substances (low pH in stomach)

Concentration of antibiotics in body

90
Q

Name the antiviral drugs.

A

Nucleotide analogs

Enzyme inhibitors

Interferons

91
Q

What do nucleotide analogs do?

A

Look similar to the bases and sugars of DNA, AZT looks like thymine and acyclovir looks like guanine, they cause mistakes in the DNA

92
Q

What do enzyme inhibitors do?

A

They are important in controlling HIV infection, reverse transcription inhibitors inhibit reverse transcription

93
Q

What produces interferons?

A

Our bodies produce naturally, white blood cells and virus infected cells make it

94
Q

What do interferons cause?

A

They cause symptoms of fatigue, aches, fever so we will slow down and the body can use energy to heal

95
Q

What do interferons serve as?

A

Warning signs to surrounding cells that a virus is present

96
Q

What is a good target for anti fungal drugs?

A

Tough because we have same type of cell structure, they have ergosterol and we have cholesterol so this is a good target

97
Q

What does griseofulvin bind to to treat fungal skin infections?

A

Keratin in skin cells, stops bacteria from producing ergosterol

98
Q

Are people antibiotic resistant?

A

No!! Microbes are antibiotic resistant, as they are exposed to drugs the cells that have defenses against them survive

99
Q

What are the 5 defenses microbes have against drugs?

A
  1. Changes receptor for drugs so they can’t bind
  2. Change target site, change ribosome structure
  3. Bind to drug and inactivate it (penicillinase)
  4. Change metabolic pathway
  5. Produce a MDR (multi-drug resistant) pump ex. Triclosan makes bacteria make this type of pump
100
Q

What are the two antibiotic sensitivity tests?

A

Kirby Bauer test

Minimal inhibitory concentration test

101
Q

Which is the test we did in lab?

A

Kirby Bauer test

102
Q

How does Kirby Bauer test work?

A

Measure zones of inhibition

Isolate pathogen, grow culture, swipe all over Petri dish agar, use paper disk w/ antibiotic in it, incubate, measure zone of inhibition, send report to doc, report doesn’t tell doc which antibiotic to use due to possible side effects in patients

103
Q

How does minimal inhibitory concentration test work?

A

Uses 96 well plates w/ different antibiotics in the wells, inoculate and incubate, look for button growth in the bottom of the wells, if button growth goes down to roughly 10% then the antibiotic is sensitive

104
Q

What do amphotericin B and imidazole do?

A

Affect sterol production—both stop ergosterol production

105
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

Wide spread disease in a geographical location

Ex: could be in a nursing home or could be the entire US

106
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

Wide spread disease throughout the world

Ex: AIDS, influenza

107
Q

What is an endemic?

A

A low number of cases in a geographical location over a long period of time.

Ex: every year there are a few bubonic plague cases in the southwest

108
Q

What is MERS?

A

Less than 2 yrs ago, 30% mortality, from the corona virus family, crossed over into humans from camels in the Middle East

109
Q

What is mortality rate of the Ebola virus?

A

67%

110
Q

What does immunology mean?

A

Specific defenses are for particular pathogens

111
Q

What does susceptibility mean?

A

Lack of resistance to a disease

112
Q

What is immunity?

A

Ability to fight off disease

113
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Built in defense, born with it

114
Q

What are the 7 non-specific defenses of the host?

A

Skin & mucous membranes

Physical barriers

Chemical defenses

Normal flora

Phagocytic cells

Inflammation

Fever

115
Q

How do skin and mucus membranes protect the host?

A

Epithelial cells

Waterproof yet elastic

Produce mucus to trap microbes

116
Q

What do goblet cells make?

A

Mucus

117
Q

How does whooping cough cause disease?

A

Bacteria paralyzes cilia causing coughing and gasping for breath

118
Q

What is cilia escalator?

A

Microbes trapped in mucus are best out by cilia

119
Q

What are the non-specific physical barriers that protect the host?

A 
Lacrimal apparatus-tears
Saliva
Urine
Vaginal secretions
Hairs
Ciliates cells/mucus
120
Q

What are the non-specific chemical defenses to protect the host?

A 
Lysozyme 
Gastric juice
Digestive juice
Stomach pH
Sebum/wax
Perspiration
Transferrins
Complement
Interferons
121
Q

What is pH of stomach?

A

1-3

122
Q

What is pH of skin and va jay jay?

A

3-5

123
Q

The pH of the va jay jay is 3-5 during what period of life?

A

Puberty to menopause

124
Q

What is released on skin during perspiration?

A

Salt

125
Q

What do transferrins do?

A

Protein that binds excess iron in blood to prevent bacteria from using iron

126
Q

What is complement?

A

Series of proteins that breakdown in the presence of pathogens to enhance the immune system

127
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of inflammation?

A 
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Redness
Loss of function
128
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation?

A
  1. Destroy pathogen
  2. If not, wall off pathogen
  3. Repair tissues
129
Q

What is normal body temp?

A

37C set by hypothalamus

130
Q

What does the increase of body temp do?

A

Destruction of pathogens and enhancement of immune response

131
Q

What are the two specific defenses to protect the host?

A

Humoral immunity

Cellular immunity

132
Q

What do B cells make?

A

Antibodies

133
Q

What do antibodies bind to?

A

Specific antigens

134
Q

What are antigens?

A

Any type of molecule that illicits an immune response

135
Q

B cells make what type of cells in case pathogens come back for a second time?

A

Memory cells

136
Q

Which T cell is a killer?

A

CD8 cytotoxic T cells

137
Q

Which T cell is a communicator?

A

CD4 helper T cells

138
Q

Which T cells are the facilitators and THE communicators of the immune system?

A

Helper T cells-CD4

139
Q

If HIV knocks out T cells then the immune response is…..

A

Diminished

140
Q

What is the idea behind immunization ?

A

B cells make memory cells after immune system is challenged by vaccination or pathogen

141
Q

If a person is exposed to a pathogen for the 2nd time, what will the response be?

A

Response is greater and faster

142
Q

What occupation is the most at risk for occupation acquired HIV infection?

A

Nurses, 24 documented cases

143
Q

What is the rate of HIV transmission to newborns?

A

20% without Anti-viral meds, 1% with meds

144
Q

What should the CD4 counts be?

A

350-500

BIO 225 Exam 4 (1 decks)

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