Exam 4 Flashcards
SHORT ANSWER: What is generative AI? What are some limitations?
- Systems that create highly realistic text, images, audio, etc
- These are made of very complex statistical models
- Trained on large amounts of digital info and can produce similar info based on what’s most likely to come next
Limitations - AI mimics the human mind, but it doesn’t “know”, “understand”, or “feel” the way humans do, it uses statistical models to complete tasks
SHORT ANSWER: Exemplar approach to categorization
- Judging category membership by determining if something is similar to examples of the category
- Concept is represented by multiple examples (rather than 1 prototype)
- Examples are actual category members
- Ex: Q: is a hotdog a sandwich?
- Is it like other sandwiches?
SHORT ANSWER: Prototype approach to categorization
- Judging category membership by determining if something is similar to an average representation of the category
- Can also think of it like a checklist of features
- Concept is represented by a prototype. This prototype is a summary of the category
& is not an actual member- Ex: trying to decide if an animal is a dog by comparing it to a cartoon mental
image of a dog - Hotdog example
Is it similar to a typical sandwich? Does it have the same features of a typical sandwich?
- Ex: trying to decide if an animal is a dog by comparing it to a cartoon mental
SHORT ANSWER: Language & the brain: syntax, Broca’s aphasia
Trouble speaking
Good understanding
SHORT ANSWER: Language & the brain: Semantics, Wernicke’s Aphasia
Can produce speech
Trouble understanding
SHORT ANSWER: understanding sentences: syntax P960
Sensitive to whether the grammar of the sentence is correct
- Ex: The cat will eating
SHORT ANSWER: Understanding sentences: Semantics N400
Sensitive to whether a word’s meaning fits in a sentence. Doesn’t matter if the grammar is correct
- Ex: The cat will bake
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)? & it’s goal
Goal of it is to make “intelligent” machines that complete human-like mental tasks w/ minimal human interaction during completion
- Ex: self driving cars
Computer systems that perform the same tasks as the human mind
- Ex: chatbots that communicate with language
What are the types of AI and their traits?
Narrow AI
- Only kind that exists today
- Designed to perform a specific task by simulating human behavior
- Ex: facial recognition, self-driving cars, chatbot
General AI
- Doesn’t exist today
- Can learn and perform any intellectual task that a human can
How is AI related to cognitive psychology?
AI mimics the human mind, but it doesn’t “know”, “understand”, or “feel” the way humans do, it uses statistical models to complete tasks. It just copies
What is a hierarchical organization?
- Larger categories divided into smaller categories
- Global (superordinate)
- Basic
- Specific (subordinate)
- Basic is preferred by people, specific is preferred by experts
What are semantic networks and their basic properties?
- Concepts are arranged in networks that represent organization in the mind (tree of knowledge)
- Semantic networks need to be very large to capture human knowledge
- Contains nodes
- Nodes (circle) = concept/category
- They’re linked
-More properties learned as you level up
What is language? Aphasia
- System of communication that uses sounds and/or symbols to express feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences
Aphasia: is an acquired language deficit- Causes: stroke, traumatic brain injury, tumor, infection, etc.
- Types: Wernike’s, Broca’s, Global (where you have aspects of both)
- Ex of global:
Having issues w/ speaking & understanding.
- Sentence processing requires Syntax & semantics
What is psycholinguistics?
The study of language. Investigates psychological processes by which humans acquire and process language.
What are phonemes?
- Shortest segment of speech that can signal a difference in meaning
- Distinct sound with acoustic characteristics
Ex
pin becomes bin
bat becomes rat
cot becomes cut
What are morphemes?
Smallest unit of language that has meaning or grammatical function
Ex
Friend
Friends
Friendship
Unfriendly
Friendlier
Befriend
What is the phonemic restoration effect?
- “Fill in” missing phonemes based on the context of a sentence and portion of a word presented
- Speech is easier to understand in a sentence.
- This is because…
- Speech segmentation is supported by
- Context
- Understanding of meaning
- Understanding of sound and language rules
- Statistical learning
What is Broca’s Aphasia?
- Broca’s Area formerly known as inferior frontal gyrus
- Broca’s aphasia is damage to Broca’s Area only
- Trouble speaking (syntax)
- Ok at understanding (semantics)
What is Wernicke’s aphasia?
- Damage to Wernicke’s Area
- Can produce speech (syntax)
- Trouble understanding (semantics)
Dual System Model of Decision Making (account 1) Kahneman
System 1: involves fast thinking
- Examples:
- Reading a text in front of you
- Driving a car on a straight empty road
System 2: involves slow thinking
- Examples:
- Parking in a tight space
- Pointing attention towards someone’s voice at a loud party
What is heuristics?
- Its basic rules that are likely to provide the correct answer to a problem, BUT not foolproof
- Heavily associated with system 1 in account 1
- Using our past experience and knowledge to guide our behavior
What is an availability heuristic?
Making a decision according to what we can easily remember
Example 1:
Tversky & Kahneman (1973)
Question asked: which is more prevalent in English? Words that begin with r (a) or words in which r is the third letter (b)?
Responses: 70% chose (a)
Example #2:
- Going to the last locker at the gym constantly because you know that the middle set of lockers always gets busy so you KNOW that the last locker is always available
What is a representativeness heuristic?
- We make a decision by comparing a situation to an existing template that already exists in our minds
- Example:
Tversky & Kahneman (1974)
The Test: - we randomly picked 1 male from the population of the United States. That male, Robert, wears glasses, speaks quietly, and reads a lot, is it more likely that Robert is a Librarian or a farmer?
Results: - more participants chose librarian
- Incorrect: ignores base rate (relative proportion of each)
What is confirmation bias?
- Tendency to selectively look for information that conforms to our hypothesis and we overlook information that argues against us
- Emphasizes that were already biased towards what we think
- Example:
Lord & coworkers (1979)
Test: - read an article arguing for capital punishment (death penalty)
Results: - Those already in favor found the article convincing
Those already against found the article unconvincing
What is illusory correlation?
Correlation appears to exist, but either does not exist or is much weaker than assumed
Example:
- You might believe that if you step on a crack on a sidewalk it causes bad luck, but its not necessarily true
Almost like superstitions..
Dual Process Model of Decision Making
- This is Account 2
- It is based on risky decisions & how reward comes in play
- Such as…How do we make risky decisions about sexual behavior?
- Certain decisions feel better & have “better” outcomes
Main question it asks is
- How do emotion (reward) and cognition interact when making decisions?
- In other words… how we make a decision
2 systems of risky decisions
- Socioemotional reward system
- Cognitive control system
- Helps us make a decision based on our memory
- The strength of these systems ^ changes over development (like children until adulthood) - Risk taking peaks in adolescents b/c the socioemotional system is more active than cognitive control systems.
- Helps us make a decision based on our memory
Adolescent risk taking
Chein & Others (2010)
- Conducted a stoplight task & asked participants “what do you decide when you approach a yellow light?. They played a game to test this
- Behavioral results: found more risk taking & more crashes in adolescents with peers watching
- fMRI results: found areas associated w/ reward were more strongly activated with adolescents when they are with their peers
What are Large Language Models?
a type of generative AI that can automatically generate text from a prompt
Limitations
- can write things that are true or unbiased
- has been known to provide articles that DONT exist!
Whats the difference between syntax & semantics?
syntax
- rules for combining words into sentences (grammar)
semantics
- meaning of words & sentences
What is the difference between concepts & categories? How is the term “categorize” involved?
category
- a set of objects, events, or ideas (things) that can be treated as equivalent in some way
- ex: drinks (a list of objects we can drink)
concept
- a person’s mental idea of a category
- ex: drinks (the mental idea of a drink)
categorize
- decides if something is in a category
