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Space Exploration > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered the first periodic comet?

A

Edmond Halley

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2
Q

Two men independently discovered comet hale-bopp. Who was the astronomer and who was the amateur astronomer with a borrowed telescope?

A

Alan Hale was the astronomer
Thomas Bopp was the amateur astronomer

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3
Q

How long was comet Hale-Bopp visible?

A

18 months

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4
Q

How many comets have been visited and imaged by spacecraft as discussed in class?

A

6? 22?

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5
Q

Which comet was visible during this semester?

A

Comet Tsuchinshan-ATLAS

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6
Q

Which mission returned a sample of comet dust to Earth?

A

Stardust

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7
Q

which mission had both an impactor and a flyby?

A

Comet Temple 1 & Deep impact

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8
Q

Which mission followed a comet in its orbit to see how it changed in time?

A

Rosetta

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9
Q

What is the diameter of the nucleus of a typical comet?

A

10-20 km

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10
Q

Which of a comet’s tails is made by the solar wind?

A

Gas Tail

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11
Q

Which of a comet’s tail is made by radiation pressure?

A

Dust Tail

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12
Q

Which of a comet’s tail is curved and why?

A

Dust Tail
Affected by gravity (Kepler’s Law)

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13
Q

In which direction do comet tails point?

A

Away from the sun

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14
Q

what do comets have to do with meteor showers?

A

A meteor shower can happen when Earth passes through the trail of a comet

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15
Q

When will we see another great comet?

A

a long time

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16
Q

How long are the periods of short period comets?

A

Up to 200 years

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17
Q

How long until comet Hale-Bopp will be back again?

A

2,400 years
Around the year 4385

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18
Q

Are great comets usually short period or long period comets?

A

They can be either but usually long period

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19
Q

Given the provisional name of a comet, identify the type of comet and the year and month it was discovered

A

p/: periodic short term
c/: non periodic long term
D/: periodic comet that broke up or was lost
a/: wrongly designated as a comet
i/: interstellar object
Year discovered, letter indicating 1/2 month of discovery
Starts with January as AB and goes to December as XY and skips “i”

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20
Q

How many interstellar objects have been discovered? Name them

A

2
Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov

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21
Q

Where do short period comets come from?

A

Kuiper Belt

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22
Q

Where to do long period comets come from?

A

Oort Cloud

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23
Q

Where is the Kuiper Belt the most dense?

A

Most dense 40 to 48 AU

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24
Q

How many known Kuiper Belt objects are there?

A

1,000

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25
Q

What is the total mass of the Kuiper Belt compared to the Earth’s

A

10% of the Earths

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26
Q

What is the orbital resonance between Neptune and Plutions?

A

3:2

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27
Q

What part of the Kuiper Belt is the principal source of comets?

A

Scattered disc

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28
Q

When was pluto discovered?

A

1930

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29
Q

How does Pluto’s diameter and mass compare to Earth’s

A

Diameter: 1/5
Mass: 0.002 x

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30
Q

When were transits of Pluto and Charon last visible from Earth? When will the next transit be?

A

Last visible 1985-1990
Next transits: 2103-2117

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31
Q

How long does it take pluto to orbit the Sun?

A

248 earth years

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32
Q

Which mission did a flyby of Pluto? Whose ashes were onboard this mission?

A

New horizons with Clyde Tombaugh ashes

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33
Q

When was the second Kuiper Belt object discovered?

A

1992

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34
Q

How many dwarf planets in the Kuiper Belt do we presently have? Name them

A

5
- Pluto
- Haumea
- Makemake
- Eris
- GongGong

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35
Q

Which dwarf planet is the most massive?

A

Eris

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36
Q

Why does Haumea have such an unusual shape?

A

Ellipsoid shape, equators twice the radius as poles

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37
Q

What is the name of the Kuiper Belt object that is the farthest object visited by spacecraft?

A

Arrokoth

38
Q

What is the shape of the Inner Oort Cloud? What dwarf planet is found here?

A

Donut Shaped
Sedna

39
Q

What is the Shape of the Outer Oort Cloud?

A

Spherical shell

40
Q

What can change the orbit of a comet?

A
  • Interstellar gas cloud
  • Supernova shock wave
  • Passing Star
  • Dense part of the milky way
41
Q

What is the distance from the Earth to the Sun in AU, miles and Sun diameters?

A

1 AU or 9.296e+7 miles
Sun diameters: 864,000 miles

42
Q

How does the Sun’s diameter compare to the Earth’s Diameter and Mass?

A

Diameter: 109 x
Mass: 300,000 x

43
Q

How does the Sun’s mass compare to Jupiter’s?

A

1,000 x

44
Q

What percent of the Sun’s mass is composed of elements heavier than helium?

A

2%

45
Q

What is the average rotation period of the Sun?

A

27 days

46
Q

What is the surface temperature of the Sun?

A

10,000 degrees F

47
Q

What is the power output of the Sun?

A

4 x 10^26 watts
400 yota watts

48
Q

What is the source of the Sun’s energy?

A

Nuclear fusion

49
Q

What is the temperature of the core of the Sun?

A

27 million degrees F

50
Q

What percent of the Sun’s total m ass has been converted into energy during the 5 billion years that the Sun has been shinning?

A

0.035%

51
Q

How long does it take for energy to get from the core of the Sun to its surface?

A

tens of thousands to millions of years

52
Q

What kind of particles are used to study the Sun’s core?

A

Solar neutrino

53
Q

What is the solar neutrino problem?

A

Only 1/3 of expected neutrinos were detected

54
Q

What is the solution to the solar neutrino problem?

A

Neutrinos comes in three flavors and change their identities. Look for the other ones

55
Q

Put the following layers of the Sun in order from the center of the Sun to its outer atmosphere: chromosphere, convective zone, core, corona, photosphere, radiative zone

A
  1. Core
  2. Radiative zone
  3. Convective zone
  4. Photosphere
  5. Chromosphere
  6. Corona
56
Q

What causes sunspots to be cooler?

A

Convection is hindered and there is localized cooling

57
Q

What is the period of the solar cycle from maximum solar activity to maximum solar activity?

A

Around 11 years

58
Q

What ceases the solar cycle?

A

Sun’s magnetic activity

59
Q

In what layer of the Sun’s atmosphere are spicules found?

A

Chromosphere

60
Q

What part of the Sun’s atmosphere is the hottest?

A

Corona

61
Q

What are solar prominence?

A

huge plumes of glowing gas

62
Q

What are solar flares?

A

Brief but bright eruption of gas

63
Q

What are coronal mass ejection?

A

enormous bubbles of hot gas burst from the corona out into space

64
Q

Which lasts longer a solar prominence or a solar flare? Which did we see when we looked at the Sun?

A

Solar prominence

65
Q

What is the solar wind mostly composed of?

A

Hydrogen and helium

66
Q

Which mission made three solar scans at all latitudes?

A

Ulysses

67
Q

Which mission was able to see the whole Sun?

A

STEREO

68
Q

What mission has a set of postage stamps?

A

SDO

69
Q

Which mission is studying the Sun up close?

A

Parker solar probe

70
Q

Are planets common around other stars? How common?

A

Yes

71
Q

If the sun were the size of a grapefruit and was located in California, where would the nearest star be?

A

Florida

72
Q

Why is it so difficult to directly image an exoplanet?

A

Its like sitting in California and taking a picture of a firefly b a street light in Florida

73
Q

Why is the James Webb Space Telescope a good choice for directly imaging exoplanets?

A

Because it is not affected by earth’s atmosphere

74
Q

What are the 3 main methods for detecting exoplanets?

A
  1. Radial velocity
  2. Astrometry
  3. Transit
75
Q

Which method works best for close stars with distant massive planets?

A

Astrometric method

76
Q

What method works best for massive planets that are close to their stars?

A

Radial Velocity method

77
Q

Which method likely only works for 1% of stars?

A

Transits and Eclipses

78
Q

How many stars did the Kepler Mission watch for transits in the original part of its mission?

A

150,00 stars ever 30 minutes

79
Q

Which method has been used to discover the most exoplanets?

A

Transit method
Over 70%

80
Q

Which method can be used to determine the orbital period of exoplanets?

A

Transit method

81
Q

Which method can be used to determine the eccentricity of exoplanets?

A

Radial velocity method

82
Q

Which method can be used to determine the size of exoplanets?

A

Transit method

83
Q

What two method are used to determine the density of exoplanets?

A

Transit Method and Radial Velocity Method

84
Q

How many confirmed exoplanets have been discovered to date?

A

5,612

85
Q

What percent of confirmed exoplanets are terrestrials?

A

4%

86
Q

What kind of planet was the first exoplanet found around a Sun like Star?

A

Hot Jupiter

87
Q

How many planets have been discovered orbiting TRAPPIST-1?

A

7 known planets

88
Q

HAT-P-32 b has a density similar to?

A

Styrofoam

89
Q

What method was used to find OGLE-2005-BLG-390L b?

A

Gravitational Lensing Technique

90
Q

What kind of rain falls on the nightside of WASP-76 b?

A

Iron Rain

Space Exploration (6 decks)

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