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ENV 121 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The world population began growing rapidly during the Middle Ages.

A

False

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2
Q

One of the ________ effective ways to stabilize populations is to ________.

A

most; decrease child mortality

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3
Q

Why is Russia’s population declining?

A

Fertility rates are below replacement levels.

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4
Q

The replacement fertility rate is slightly over two children per couple because

A

some children die and some couples do not have children.

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5
Q

Human population growth most closely resembles

A

J-shaped growth curve.

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6
Q

“Birth dearths” can be a problem because they cause

A

All of these are correct

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7
Q

The world’s population increases by about ________ people per year.

A

80 million

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8
Q

Which of the following factors does not usually affect the crude death rates of a population?

A

All of these affect crude death rates

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9
Q

Breast-feeding children for long periods

A

limits fertility when caloric intake is low and can be a successful population control strategy.

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10
Q

Technological optimists argue that technological advances have

A

proved Malthus wrong in his predictions of famine and disaster.

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11
Q

Women who ________ are LEAST likely to have many children.

A

are able to earn an income for themselves

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12
Q

The main cause of world population growth in the past 300 years has been

A

falling mortality due to longer life expectancy.

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13
Q

A dependency ratio is a comparison between the numbers of

A

working and nonworking people.

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14
Q

The economist Karl Marx believed that

A

human population growth is a consequence of poverty and other social ills.

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15
Q

Malthus argued that ________ is the ultimate cause of social and environmental problems, and Marx argued that population growth ________ social and environmental problems.

A

excess population growth; results from

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16
Q

Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to decreased life expectancy?

A

improved sanitation

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17
Q

A demographic transition is expected to accompany

A

economic development and stabilization.

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18
Q

The greatest future growth in human numbers is expected to occur in the

A

developing nations.

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19
Q

Predict the shape of an age-structure diagram for a country with a shrinking population size.

A

It will be wider at the top than the bottom.

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20
Q

Malthus and Marx

A

disagreed about the root causes of overpopulation, poverty, and social upheaval.

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21
Q

Increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide resulting from human activities appear to be producing climatic warming.

A

True

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22
Q

Of the 20 hottest years ever recorded, ________ of them occurred since 1980.

A

19

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23
Q

Which developed nation has not signed the Kyoto Protocol?

A

USA

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24
Q

Carbon capture

A

All of these are true.

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25
Q

Which of the following is NOT an important greenhouse gas?

A

sulfur dioxide

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26
Q

Which of the following is incorrect regarding Greenland’s ice mass?

A

Greenland gains back more ice in the winter to balance loss in the summer.

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27
Q

Models of climate change are most in agreement with observed data ________.

A

when both natural and anthropogenic causes of warming are included.

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28
Q

Why does the Keeling curve show a decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the summer before rising again in the winter?

A

Photosynthesis in the Northern Hemisphere uses carbon dioxide.

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29
Q

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is

A

a United Nations working group of 2500 scientists around the world.

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30
Q

The idea of breaking down the solution to the larger problem of climate change into smaller more manageable pieces or goals is known as

A

wedge analysis.

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31
Q

A large factory that holds permits for a certain level of emissions has found a technology that cuts their carbon emissions by a third. They can then sell their permit to someone else and potentially profit from the sale. This is called

A

emissions trading.

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32
Q

Which of the following is NOT a consequence that we are seeing now?

A

All of these statements are true.

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33
Q

The Keeling graph, although it has yearly oscillations, shows that the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere ________.

A

is steadily rising.

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34
Q

The most recent major international study of anthropogenic influence on global climate concluded

A

a human influence on global climate is discernable.

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35
Q

The most effective and practical way of reducing CO2 emissions is to ________.

A

make many small changes over all of the human population that act like ‘wedges’ reducing emissions

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36
Q

Which of the following is NOT considered a carbon capture or negative emissions technology?

A

switching to alternative energy that produces fewer emissions

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37
Q

Most of the excessive carbon dioxide that is expected to cause global warming is generated by green plants.

A

False

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38
Q

Because of global warming, sea levels are expected to rise ________ by 2100.

A

3-6 feet.

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39
Q

Carbon dioxide is a major factor in the global warming story since it

A

absorbs more infrared radiation than it emits.

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40
Q

Glacier National Park has lost ________ glaciers since 1910 when the park was created.

A

over 120

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41
Q

A group of interested citizens joins a walk along a local urban stream. After walking along the stream, they realize that local streams provide significant services including stormwater management and decide that it is important to take them into account when making local infrastructure decisions. This is an example of which outcome of environmental education?

A

The valuing context

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42
Q

A vegetarian diet has a lower climate change impact than a beef-based diet.

A

True

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43
Q

The “group of 10” environmental organizations are most useful in

A

having strong, respected, and organized influence on national environmental policy setting.

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44
Q

Environmental literacy calls for each citizen to be fluent in the principles of ecology.

A

True

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45
Q

The terms nontoxic, biodegradable, recyclable, natural organic, and environmentally friendly are used

A

by advertising to sell products.

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46
Q

Ways to reduce your impact include

A

avoiding disposable items.

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47
Q

Which of the following events is probably the most significant in increasing the job market for environmentally related careers?

A

The shift of businesses to decrease their environmental impact.

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48
Q

Careers focused on protecting the environment are available for students majoring in business, education, engineering, liberal arts, and science.

A

True

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49
Q

Environmental groups for secondary and postsecondary (college) students help participants

A

come together to multiply the efforts of people with the same goals and ideals, and also help them develop their organizational skills.

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50
Q

Affluenza is a term coined by some social critics for the current drive to possess more and more stuff.

A

True

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51
Q

The best way for us to be more efficient and to decrease our impact on natural resources is to

A

consume less energy and materials in the first place.

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52
Q

Your professor invites you to calculate your Ecological Footprint. You realize that the transportation aspect of your footprint is very high and decide to walk or ride a bike or bus to school at least two days per week. This change in behavior is categorized in which outcome for environmental education?

A

The action context

53
Q

Mainline environmental organizations have been criticized for being too quick to compromise.

A

True

54
Q

Thoreau writes in Walden, “Our life is frittered away by detail….simplify, simplify.” This would be in opposition to

A

conspicuous consumerism

55
Q

A label of “biodegradable” ensures that a product will naturally break down in the environment within a few years.

A

False

56
Q

While on a field trip to a local stream, students learn that the pipes leading to the stream from a local parking lot carry stormwater runoff to the stream, but that it is considered nonpoint source pollution. Because of this, there are few regulations on what material can enter the stream from the parking lot runoff. This is an example of which outcome of environmental education?

A

The social context

57
Q

Conspicuous consumption is a term that was coined

A

a century ago to refer to the concept of purchasing things to impress others.

58
Q

In which of the following situations would it probably be less environmentally damaging for you to use paper bags at the grocery store?

A

When paper bags are reused at the grocery store.

59
Q

On a national level, environmental job opportunities are

A

expanding.

60
Q

Public opinion polls show that most people are willing to make personal sacrifices to protect the environment.

A

True

61
Q

Because prairie dogs have a major effect on the ecological functioning of their habitat and the health of other members of their community, they are considered to be

A

keystone species

62
Q

One of the reasons humans rely heavily on only a few food crops is because

A

we have not explored the cultivation of thousands of edible wild species.

63
Q

A scientist uncovered that the gene pool within a population of animals is much smaller after a near-extinction event. This scientist is studying

A

genetic diversity

64
Q

Most of the species that are yet undiscovered are probably

A

invertebrates

65
Q

Carp species were introduced to the United States

A

to control aquatic vegetation and algae.

66
Q

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of biodiversity for humans?

A

reducing air pollution

67
Q

The largest contributing factor for the current high rate of animal extinctions is

A

habitat destruction worldwide.

68
Q

Soil formation and water purification are examples of ________ based on the biodiversity that benefit humans.

A

ecological services

69
Q

The most important extinction threats for most species are anthropogenic environmental pollutants and over-harvesting via hunting and fishing.

A

False

70
Q

Approximately how many species have been identified on Earth?

A

a little more than 1.7 million

71
Q

Humans have domesticated nearly all the plant species that could contribute to human food production.

A

False

72
Q

Invasive species

A

flourish in a new environment due to a lack of predators, diseases, or resource limitations.

73
Q

Which of the following would be a characteristic of an exotic plant species?

A

is an opportunist that is desired by humans for food or ornamental value.

74
Q

Ecological diversity is a measure of the number of

A

niches, trophic levels, and ecological processes of a biological community.

75
Q

Where will you find the greatest concentration of different species?

A

The tropics

76
Q

When Aldo Leopold said, “The first rule to intelligent tinkering is to save all the pieces.” In terms of biodiversity he meant that we should

A

not cause species to disappear.

77
Q

Introduced disease-causing organisms are especially dangerous to new environments because they can destroy the non-native host. This happens because the disease-causing organisms

A

have not evolved with this host to achieve the normal balance for long-term survival.

78
Q

Ecological diversity

A

refers to the richness and complexity of a biological community.

79
Q

“Exotic” is another word for

A

foreign

80
Q

Increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide resulting from human activities appear to be producing climatic warming.

A

True

81
Q

Since biodiversity is usually higher in warmer, milder climates, biodiversity will probably be increased with global warming.

A

False

82
Q

Organisms are currently responding to climate change by extending their range into new territories.

A

True

83
Q

A large factory that holds permits for a certain level of emissions has found a technology that cuts their carbon emissions by a third. They can then sell their permit to someone else and potentially profit from the sale. This is called

A

emissions trading

84
Q

Which of the following was agreed upon at the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement?

A

a target that the global average temperature will not increase more than 1.5°C

85
Q

Current concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is ________ according to the Keeling graph.

A

over 440ppm

86
Q

The main activity of the IPCC is to ________.

A

make general assessments of all climate change research at regular intervals of time

87
Q

The Keeling graph, although it has yearly oscillations, shows that the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere ________.

A

is steadily rising

88
Q

The doubling time for a population with an annual percentage growth rate of 7% is

A

10 years

89
Q

A population growing at 1% per year should double in about ________ years.

A

70

90
Q

Historically, up until the Middle Ages, populations were mostly limited by

A

disease and poor nutrition.

91
Q

In general, countries with the highest fertility rates are those

A

among the poorest on earth.

92
Q

The I = PAT formula says that our environmental impacts (I) are the product of

A

the population size times affluence and the technology used to produce goods and services consumed.

93
Q

Pronatalist pressures are influences that lead people to

A

have more children.

94
Q

Birth rate would tend to decrease with a decrease in

A

infant mortality rate.

95
Q

The demographic transition refers to a country’s change from

A

high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.

96
Q

The demographic transition generally accompanies economic development.

A

True

97
Q

There is some evidence that population growth today is ________ rather than ________.

A

slowing slightly; continuing to accelerate

98
Q

Replacement fertility occurs when

A

birth rate plus immigration is equal to the death rate plus emigration.

99
Q

The high rate of poaching of rhinoceros is due mostly to

A

the belief in medicinal value of their horns for ‘traditional’ medicines.

100
Q

Habitat fragmentation usually leads to a(n)

A

decrease in biodiversity.

101
Q

Which of the following statements about trade in endangered species is FALSE?

A

Coral reefs are not affected by the endangered species trade.

102
Q

An important drug for treating Hodgkin’s disease was discovered in a periwinkle native to ________ and is valued at approximately ________ per year.

A

Madagascar; $150–300 million

103
Q

It is clear that a heavy dose of pesticides or other toxic pollutants can kill species. However, chronic exposure to pollutants seems to cause recent high mortality in marine mammals by

A

causing weakened immune systems and increased vulnerability to infection.

104
Q

The main reason for continued trade in endangered species is

A

pet lovers and collectors who like exotic species.

105
Q

Your friend is a scientist studying a small endangered fish that plays a critical role in the stream ecosystem. She says to you, “If this fish was pretty, well-known, or a national symbol we might actually get people to care about it.” Your friend means that this fish is not a/an

A

flagship species

106
Q

Which of the following drugs is NOT derived from a naturally occurring organism?

A

aspirin

107
Q

Kudzu vine was originally brought to the United States to control soil erosion.

A

True

108
Q

We are usually referring to species diversity when we talk about biodiversity. However, genetic diversity is also important to ecological systems because diverse genes

A

are necessary for a population to evolve in a changing environment.

109
Q

Barred owls have become a threat to spotted owls because they

A

are more versatile in terms of habitat and diet.

110
Q

What do Eurasian milfoil, kudzu vine and the emerald ash borer have in common?

A

They are exotic species wreaking havoc in the ecosystems into which they have been introduced.

111
Q

A wide diversity of living things provide a range of intrinsic benefits to humans.

A

True

112
Q

What do bacteria, fox glove, Mexican yam, and the rauwolfia plant have in common?

A

They all are wild species providing us with important medicines.

113
Q

Invasive (exotic) species tend to _______ the balance of ecosystems and ________ biodiversity.

A

upset; decrease

114
Q

Species at imminent risk of extinction are classified as ________ species.

A

endangered

115
Q

The pharmaceutical industry has an interest in preventing species extinction because

A

undiscovered species may provide lucrative new drugs.

116
Q

The values of respect for all life, ecosystem protection and restoration, human rights, equitable sharing of resources, and democratic decision-making are all components of the

A

2000 Millennium Assessment

117
Q

Life cycle analysis is useful because energy and environmental hazards are associated with ________ of products.

A

production, transport, use, and disposal

118
Q

Which of the following would use the most energy and natural resources?

A

Buying a new car every five years to ensure high fuel efficiency.

119
Q

The USA National Phenology Network has a program where people can sign up to provide observations from local plants to a large database. For example, you could register your yard and provide the dates when the flowers bloomed on your trees. This is an example of

A

citizen science.

120
Q

Which of the following would not be a component of the life cycle analysis of a strawberry?

A

The taste of the strawberry.

121
Q

Which of the following is NOT an essential component of sustainable development?

A

A marked decrease in military spending.

122
Q

Which of the following is NOT an emphasis of the 1990 National Environmental Education Act?

A

Education to make sure that there are specialists who are able to make appropriate decisions regarding environmental issues and who will guide us into the 21st century.

123
Q

Making intelligent environmental decisions as a consumer

A

requires attention and is important in determining future actions by companies.

124
Q

Lifecycle analyses

A

evaluate material and energy inputs and outputs at each stage of manufacture, use, and disposal of a product.

125
Q

Why would the “group of 10” environmental organizations be criticized?

A

They tend to compromise and cooperate with the establishment.

126
Q

One of the essential factors in a sustainable future based on improving human well-being and protecting our common environment is

A

All of the choices are correct.

127
Q

Which of the following is a true statement?

A

Buying fewer things is an important means of protecting the environment.

128
Q

If a national leader, in her speech to the nation, is talking about meeting the needs of our present populations without risking the ability of future generations to meet their needs, she is describing

A

sustainable development.

129
Q

HIPPO

A

Habitat destruction, invasive species, pollution, human population, and overharvesting

ENV 121 (4 decks)

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