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molecular cell biology > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what happens within the nervous system

A

impulses are transmitted along the specialized plasma membranes of nerve cells

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2
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

includes the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

includes other sensory and motor components like: cranial nerves, neuromuscular junctions, spinal nerves

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4
Q

what are the 2 types of nervous system cells?

A

nerurons and glial cells

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5
Q

neurons

A

cells within the nervous system that send and receive electrical impulses

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6
Q

glial cells

A

variety of cell types and are abundant in the central nervous system

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7
Q

what are the types of neurons

A

sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons

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8
Q

sensory neurons

A

are diverse cells specialized for stimuli detection

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9
Q

motor neurons

A

transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands to make synaptic connections

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10
Q

interneurons

A

process signals and transmit information between parts of the nervous system

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11
Q

what are the types of glial cells

A

microglia, oligodendrites, schwann cells, and astrocytes

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12
Q

microglia

A

fight infections and remove debris

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13
Q

oligodendrites + schwann cells

A

form insulating myelin sheath around neurons of the CNS and PNS

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14
Q

astrocytes

A

control access to blood borne components into extracellular fluid around nerve cells.

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15
Q

myelin sheath

A

protective membrane that surrounds CNS and PNS cells

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16
Q

processes that receive signals

A

dendrites

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17
Q

processes that conduct signals

A

axons

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18
Q

nerve

A

tissue composed of bundles of axons

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19
Q

fundamental property of all cells

A

membrane potential

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20
Q

synapse

A

the point of contact between a nerve cell, gland, or muscle cell.

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21
Q

where do synapses usually occur

A

between axon-dendrite, dendrite-dendrite, or axon-axon

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22
Q

what is the property of a cell at rest

A

negative charge outside the cell and positive inside the cell

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23
Q

potassium ion gradient

A

uneven distribution of potassium ions in and outside the cell

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24
Q

electroneutrality

A

ions are present in solutions in pairs, one negative-one positive

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25
Q

counter ion

A

oppositely charged ion in the solution

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26
Q

electrical potential

A

charges are separated so that one part has more positive charges and another has more negative

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27
Q

current

A

movement of ions

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28
Q

whats another name for electrical potential

A

voltage

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29
Q

how is current measured

A

in amperes (A)

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30
Q

action potential

A

stimuli trigger a rapid set of changes in membrane potential

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31
Q

what salts are within extracellular fluid

A

Na+ and Cl-

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32
Q

what macromolecules are within cytosol

A

proteins and RNA

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33
Q

Ion channels

A

form ion conducting pores through a lipid bilayer

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34
Q

leak channel

A

type of ion channel thats always open

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35
Q

potassium leak channel

A

K+ ions leak out of cell, more anions without counterions resulting in negative resting potential

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36
Q

Na+/K+ Pump

A

continuously pumps Na+ ions out of cell and K+ ions into cell

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37
Q

how many Na+ and K+ ions are moved in/out of cell

A

3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

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38
Q

electrical equilibrium

A

when a chemical gradient is balanced with electrical potential

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39
Q

nernst equation

A

mathematical relationship between ion gradient and equilibrium potential

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40
Q

what happens when K+ diffuses out of the cell

A

membrane potential becomes more negative

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41
Q

what happens when Na+ goes into the cell

A

the membrane potential becomes more positive, polarizing

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42
Q

what happens when Cl- diffuses into the cell

A

its repelled by the negative potential, and enters with positive ions

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43
Q

what happens if the membrane is permeable to K+

A

the membrane potential will be equal to K+ equilibrium potential

44
Q

what happens when the membrane is permeable to Na+

A

the membrane will be partly depolarized

45
Q

patch clamping

A

modern technology thats used to record the ion currents passing through channels

46
Q

optogenetics

A

genetic engineered channel proteins, and ion concentrations thats manipulated by light

47
Q

bacteriorhodopsin

A

used to suppress neurons

48
Q

channelrhodopsins

A

used to activate neurons

49
Q

whats the function of voltage gated ion channels

A

respond to voltage channels across the membrane

50
Q

voltage gated Na+/ K+ channels are

A

responsible for action potential

51
Q

what do ligand gated ion channels do

A

open when a certain molecule binds to it

52
Q

what types of voltage gated ion channels are there

A

voltage gated potassium channels and voltage gated sodium channels

53
Q

how is channel specifity determined

A

by the size of the central pore and how it interactions with an ion

54
Q

what is channel gating

A

channels opening rapidly to stimuli then closing

55
Q

what is channel inactivation

A

voltage gated channels adopting a second closed state

56
Q

what happens during channel inactivation

A

voltage gated channels can’t reopen immediately even when stimulated

57
Q

describe a resting neuron

A

closed voltage gated channels. 100x more permeable to K+

58
Q

subthreshold depolarizations

A

depolarizations too small to initiate action potential

59
Q

steps to the depolarization stage

A

-membrane is depolarized past the threshold potential then Na+ channels activate
-membrane potential shoots upward fast
-the peak is +40mV

60
Q

steps to repolarization stage

A

-when peaked the membrane repolarizes
-inactivated Na+ channels stay closed while membrane potential turns negative.
-Cell repolarizes until K+ leaves

61
Q

Hyperpolarization stages

A

-membrane potential drops below resting potential when K+ increases.
-when K+ voltage gated channels close the membrane potential returns to normal

62
Q

what is the refractory period

A

a few milliseconds after action potential when another cant be triggered

63
Q

absolute refractory period

A

sodium channels are inactivated and cant open via depolarization

64
Q

relative refractory period

A

when the membrane potential is below threshold of another action potential

65
Q

what is myelination

A

the process where axons are coated with myelin, a fatty sheath that insulates and protects nerve fibers.

66
Q

whats the role of myelination

A

Myelin increases the speed and efficiency of electrical signal transmission along the axon.

67
Q

saltatory propagation

A

action potentials jump from one node to the next

68
Q

electrical synapse

A

one neuron (presynaptic) is connected to another neuron (postsynaptic) via gap junctions

69
Q

what are gap junctions

A

specialized intercellular connections that allow direct communication between nearby cells

70
Q

how do ions move between cells and why is it efficient

A

through junctions as it allows no delays in transmission

71
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

sends a signal to another cell at synapse

72
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

receives the signal at synapse

73
Q

chemical synapse

A

presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons are separated by a small space called the synaptic cleft

74
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron to another

75
Q

How Do Neurotransmitters Work?

A
  • Released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft.
    -Bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell.
    -Trigger excitatory or inhibitory effects depending on the receptor type.
76
Q

Types of Neurotransmitters

A

Excitatory
Inhibitory
Modulatory

77
Q

Excitatory

A

Increase the likelihood of an action potential (e.g., glutamate).

78
Q

inhibitory

A

Decrease the likelihood of an action potential

79
Q

Modulatory

A

Regulate broader neural circuits

80
Q

what is the criteria to be considered a neurotransmitter

A

occur naturally, be released during presynaptic stimulation, induce the correct response when induced to the synaptic cleft

81
Q

what is the most common neurotransmitter in vertebrates and is it excitatory or inhibitory?

A

acetylcholine and excitatory

82
Q

cholinergic synapses

A

synapses that use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter

83
Q

catecholamines

A

group of neurotransmitters and hormones derived from the amino acid tyrosine

84
Q

adrenergic synapses

A

synapses that use catecholamines as neurotransmitters

85
Q

glutamatergic neurons

A

neurons that use glutamate as their neuro transmitter

86
Q

neuropeptides

A

small protein-like molecules that act as neurotransmitters

87
Q

endocannabinoids

A

lipid-based neurotransmitters that regulate a variety of physiological processes

88
Q

Steps in Neurotransmitter Secretion

A

-electrical signal reaches the presynaptic terminal
-Voltage-gated calcium channels open, allowing calcium ions to enter.
-Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters fuse with the presynaptic membrane.
-Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft.
-Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, initiating a response.

89
Q

Role of Calcium in Secretion

A

Calcium ions trigger vesicle fusion with the membrane by interacting with proteins like SNARE complex

90
Q

active zone

A

region of the presynaptic membrane where synaptic vesicles dock, fuse, and release neurotransmitters

91
Q

neurotoxins

A

chemical agents that disrupt normal function in the nervous system by damaging neurons or interfering with neurotransmission

92
Q

Compensatory endocytosis

A

maintains the size of the nerve terminal by recycling membranes

93
Q

kiss and run exocytosis

A

a vesicle will temporarily fuse with the membrane, release neurotransmitters, then reseal

94
Q

what is endocytosis

A

cells take in substances from the outside environment by engulfing them with their cell membrane, forming a vesicle.

95
Q

exocytosis

A

cells expel substances from inside the cell to the outside environment by fusing vesicles with the plasma membrane.

96
Q

antagonist

A

bind to receptors and inhibit their activity

97
Q

agonist

A

bind to the receptor and activates it

98
Q

whats the function of the GAB A receptor

A

when GAB A binds to a receptor the ligand gated channel releases Cl- ions into the cell, inducing hyperpolarization, decreasing the chances of action potential

99
Q

NMDA receptor

A

glutamate receptor and ion channel that plays a central role in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory

100
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A

enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline

101
Q

neurotransmitter reuptake

A

neurotransmitters are pumped back into the presynaptic neuron after they have been released

102
Q

postsynaptic potentials

A

changes in membrane potential due to neurotransmitter binding

103
Q

types of postsynaptic potentials (PSP)

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential, inhibitory postsynaptic potential

104
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential

A

depolarizes the membrane making firing more likely

105
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

hyperpolarizes the membrane making firing less likely

106
Q

temporal summation

A

multiple postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) from the same presynaptic neuron add together over time, leading to a stronger overall signal

107
Q

spatial summation

A

multiple postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) from different presynaptic neurons are added together at the same time, resulting in a stronger overall signal

molecular cell biology (2 decks)

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