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MIC 205 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What factors can cause disease?

A

• Physical agents
• Chemical agents
• Biological agents
• Nutritional factors
• Genetic factors

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2
Q

How do humans acquire normal microbiota and where are they found?

A

• Acquired during birth and early life
• Found in:
- Digestive tract
- Skin
- Respiratory tract
- Urogenital tract

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3
Q

What is the Human Microbiome Project?

A

A research initiative to analyze and understand the microorganisms that live in and on the human body

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4
Q

What are the benefits of normal microbiota?

A

• Aids in digestion
• Produces vitamins
• Prevents pathogen colonization
• Supports immune system development

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5
Q

How do opportunistic and true pathogens differ?

A

• Opportunistic: Only cause disease in weakened hosts
• True pathogens: Can cause disease in healthy hosts

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6
Q

What are the five steps of causing disease?

A
  1. Adhesion
  2. Invasion
  3. Multiplication
  4. Tissue damage
  5. Exit
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7
Q

How do pathogens enter the body?

A

Through natural openings and breaks in protective barriers

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8
Q

What are the portals of entry for pathogens?

A

• Respiratory tract
• Digestive tract
• Urogenital tract
• Skin breaks
• Mucous membranes

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9
Q

How do pathogens avoid phagocytosis?

A

• Capsule formation
• Enzyme production
• Toxin release
• Antigenic variation

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10
Q

What are three ways pathogens cause disease?

A

• Direct cell damage
• Toxin production
• Immune response triggering

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11
Q

What is an exoenzyme and what are examples?

A

Enzymes secreted by cells that break down substances outside the cell
Examples: proteases, lipases, hyaluronidase

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12
Q

How do exotoxins and endotoxins compare?

A

• Exotoxins: Secreted by living bacteria, highly specific
• Endotoxins: Released upon bacterial death, general symptoms

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13
Q

What are three ways of naming exotoxins?

A

• By target tissue
• By organism
• By mechanism of action

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14
Q

How do pathogens exit the body?

A

• Respiratory secretions
• Bodily fluids
• Skin lesions
• Fecal matter

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15
Q

What are examples of signs and symptoms?

A

• Fever
• Pain
• Inflammation
• Fatigue
• Specific disease symptoms

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16
Q

What are the 5 phases of infection?

A
  1. Incubation
  2. Prodromal
  3. Acute
  4. Decline
  5. Convalescence
17
Q

How do reservoirs and sources of disease differ?

A

• Reservoir: Where pathogen normally lives
• Source: Immediate origin of infection

18
Q

What are examples of disease reservoirs?

A

Living: humans, animals, plants
Non-living: soil, water, food

19
Q

What are examples of disease transmission?

A

Direct: person-to-person contact
Indirect: through vectors or vehicles

20
Q

What are 5 states of human carriers?

A

• Incubatory
• Convalescent
• Healthy
• Chronic
• Asymptomatic

21
Q

How do biological and mechanical vectors differ?

A

• Biological: Pathogen multiplies in vector
• Mechanical: Vector simply transfers pathogen

22
Q

Define communicable, contagious, and non-communicable diseases

A

• Communicable: Can be transmitted
• Contagious: Easily transmitted
• Non-communicable: Cannot be transmitted

23
Q

What’s the difference between vehicles and fomites?

A

• Vehicle: Substance carrying pathogen
• Fomite: Inanimate object carrying pathogen

24
Q

How do droplets, droplet nuclei, and aerosols compare?

A

• Droplets: Large particles that fall quickly
• Droplet nuclei: Dried residue that floats
• Aerosols: Small particles that remain airborne

25
Q

How can nosocomial infections be reduced?

A

• Hand hygiene
• Proper sterilization
• Isolation procedures
• PPE use
• Environmental cleaning

26
Q

What are Koch’s Postulates and their limitations?

A

Four steps to prove disease causation:
1. Pathogen in all cases
2. Pure culture isolation
3. Disease reproduction
4. Re-isolation
Limitations: Doesn’t work for viruses or unculturable organisms

27
Q

How do prevalence and incidence differ?

A

• Prevalence: Total existing cases
• Incidence: New cases in time period

28
Q

What factors contribute to emerging/re-emerging diseases?

A

• Climate change
• Population growth
• Antibiotic resistance
• Global travel
• Changing ecosystems

MIC 205 (1 decks)

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