exam 4

Question 1

Learned helplessness

Answer 1

a series of uncontrollable events creates a state of learned helplessness, with feelings of passive resignation. In one series of experiments (which likely would not be repeated today), dogs were strapped in a harness and given repeated shocks, with no opportunity to avoid them When later placed in another situation where they could escape the punishment by simply leaping a hurdle, the dogs displayed learned helplessness. They cowered as if without hope. Other dogs that had been able to escape the first shocks reacted differently. They had learned they were in control, and in the new situation they easily escaped the shocks. People have shown similar patterns of learned helplessness

Question 2

Effects of over-active immune function in women

Answer 2

But this very strength also puts women at higher risk for autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and multiple sclerosis

Question 3

Mindfulness meditation

Question 4

Effects of regular aerobic exercise

Answer 4

Estimates vary, but some studies suggest that exercise adds to your quantity of life — about seven hours longer life for every exercise hour. Think about it: Nature generously gives a 7-to-1 return for time spent exercising. It also boosts your quality of life, with more energy, better mood, and stronger relationships.

Question 5

Immune system cells

Answer 5

B lymphocytes (white blood cells) release antibodies that fight bacterial infections.
T lymphocytes (white blood cells) attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.
Macrophage cells (“big eaters”) identify, pursue, and ingest harmful invaders and worn-out cells.
Natural killer cells (NK cells) attack diseased cells (such as those infected by viruses or cancer).

Question 6

Self-control – contributors to

Answer 6

Exercise, rest to recover, exercising willpower

Question 7

Adaptation level

Answer 7

In Phase 1, you have an alarm reaction, as your sympathetic nervous system suddenly activates. Your heart rate soars. Blood races to your skeletal muscles. You feel the faintness of shock.

During Phase 2, resistance, your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration remain high. With your resources mobilized, you are ready to resist the trauma — to fight back. Your adrenal glands pump stress hormones into your bloodstream. You are fully engaged, summoning all your resources to meet the challenge.

In Phase 3, constant stress causes exhaustion. As time passes, with no relief from stress, your reserves begin to run out. Your body copes well with temporary stress, but prolonged stress can damage it. You become more vulnerable to illness or, in extreme cases, collapse and even death.

Question 8

Internal locus of control

Answer 8

believe they control their own destiny.

Question 9

Effects of oxytocin

Question 10

HIV and AIDS

Answer 10

Stress cannot give people AIDS. But an analysis of 33,252 participants from around the world found that stress and negative emotions sped the transition from HIV infection to AIDS. And stress predicted a faster decline in those with AIDS

Question 11

Psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 11

studies our mind-body interactions.
Your emotions (psycho) affect your brain (neuro), which controls the endocrine hormones that influence your disease-fighting immune system. And this field is the study (ology) of those interactions. Let’s start by focusing on the immune system.

Question 12

Faith factor

Answer 12

Religiously active people (especially in more religious cultures) tend to live longer than those who are not religiously active.

Question 13

Locus of control

Answer 13

Those who have an external locus of control believe that outside forces control their fate.
Those who have an internal locus of control believe they control their own destiny.

Question 14

Autonomic nervous system including understanding of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
system reactions

Question 15

Flow

Question 16

Effects of marriage on health

Question 17

Effects of anger

Answer 17

Type A’s toxic core is negative emotions — especially anger. When these people are threatened or challenged by a stressor, they react aggressively. Their often-active sympathetic nervous system redistributes blood flow to their muscles, pulling blood away from their internal organs. The liver, which normally removes cholesterol and fat from the blood, can’t do its job. Excess cholesterol and fat continue to circulate in the blood and are deposited around the heart. Our heart and mind interact. People who react with anger over little things are the most coronary-prone

Question 18

Social loafing

Answer 18

phenomenon where individuals exert less effort in a group task than when working alone

Question 19

Routes of persuasion

Answer 19

Peripheral route persuasion uses attention-getting cues to trigger speedy, emotion-based judgments. One experiment gave some people information showing that vaccines do not cause autism (which they do not); others viewed photos of unvaccinated children suffering mumps, measles, or rubella, along with a parent’s description of measles misery. Only those given the vivid photos and description became more supportive of vaccines (Horne et al., 2015). Endorsements by beautiful or famous people can also influence people, whether they’re choosing a political candidate or a perfume. When environmental activist and actor Cate Blanchett urges action to counter climate disaster, or when Pope Francis (2015) states that “Climate change is a global problem with grave implications,” they hope to harness their appeal for peripheral route persuasion.
Central route persuasion offers evidence and arguments that aim to trigger careful thinking. To persuade buyers to purchase a new gadget, an ad might list all the latest features. Effective arguments to act on climate change have focused on the accumulating greenhouse gases, melting arctic ice, rising world temperatures and seas, and increasing extreme weather (van der Linden et al., 2015). Central route persuasion works well for people who are naturally analytical or involved in an issue. And because it is more thoughtful and less superficial, it is more durable. When people actively process a message — when they mentally elaborate on it — they more often retain it (a phenomenon described by the elaboration likelihood model).

Question 20

Role of fathers

Answer 20

High rates of violence and youth imprisonment have been found in cultures and families with minimal or no father care

Question 21

Self-esteem

Question 22

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 22

Overestimating the influence of personality and underestimating the power of the situation. In class, Jack may be as quiet as Jill. Catch Jill at a party and you may hardly recognize your quiet classmate.

Question 23

Passionate love

Question 24

Attitude development and change

Answer 24

When are attitudes most likely to affect behavior? Under these conditions:

External influences are minimal.
The attitude is stable.
The attitude is specific to the behavior.
The attitude is easily recalled.

Question 25

Exercise and attitude

Question 26

Conformity

Answer 26

To conform in a group

Question 27

Attraction

Question 28

Mirror-image perceptions

Question 29

Stereotyping and discrimination

Question 30

Group polarization

Answer 30

The beliefs and attitudes we bring to a group grow stronger as we discuss them with like-minded others.

Question 31

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 31

We have seen that actions can affect attitudes, sometimes turning prisoners into collaborators and role players into believers. But why? One explanation is that when we become aware of a mismatch between our attitudes and actions, we experience mental discomfort, or cognitive dissonance

Question 32

Sex differences in poverty

Question 33

Mere exposure effect

Question 34

Reciprocal determination

Question 35

Psychodynamic view of personality

Question 36

Freud’s structures of personality

Question 37

False consensus effect

Question 38

Social-cognitive perspective

Question 39

Self-esteem

Question 40

Projective tests

Question 41

Traits and trait theory

Question 42

Carl Rogers and person-centered theory

Question 43

Big Five

Question 44

Eysench Personality Questionnaire

Question 45

Freud’s psychsexual stages