exam 4 Flashcards
Learned helplessness
a series of uncontrollable events creates a state of learned helplessness, with feelings of passive resignation. In one series of experiments (which likely would not be repeated today), dogs were strapped in a harness and given repeated shocks, with no opportunity to avoid them When later placed in another situation where they could escape the punishment by simply leaping a hurdle, the dogs displayed learned helplessness. They cowered as if without hope. Other dogs that had been able to escape the first shocks reacted differently. They had learned they were in control, and in the new situation they easily escaped the shocks. People have shown similar patterns of learned helplessness
Effects of over-active immune function in women
But this very strength also puts women at higher risk for autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and multiple sclerosis
Mindfulness meditation
Effects of regular aerobic exercise
Estimates vary, but some studies suggest that exercise adds to your quantity of life — about seven hours longer life for every exercise hour. Think about it: Nature generously gives a 7-to-1 return for time spent exercising. It also boosts your quality of life, with more energy, better mood, and stronger relationships.
Immune system cells
B lymphocytes (white blood cells) release antibodies that fight bacterial infections.
T lymphocytes (white blood cells) attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.
Macrophage cells (“big eaters”) identify, pursue, and ingest harmful invaders and worn-out cells.
Natural killer cells (NK cells) attack diseased cells (such as those infected by viruses or cancer).
Self-control – contributors to
Exercise, rest to recover, exercising willpower
Adaptation level
In Phase 1, you have an alarm reaction, as your sympathetic nervous system suddenly activates. Your heart rate soars. Blood races to your skeletal muscles. You feel the faintness of shock.
During Phase 2, resistance, your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration remain high. With your resources mobilized, you are ready to resist the trauma — to fight back. Your adrenal glands pump stress hormones into your bloodstream. You are fully engaged, summoning all your resources to meet the challenge.
In Phase 3, constant stress causes exhaustion. As time passes, with no relief from stress, your reserves begin to run out. Your body copes well with temporary stress, but prolonged stress can damage it. You become more vulnerable to illness or, in extreme cases, collapse and even death.
Internal locus of control
believe they control their own destiny.
Effects of oxytocin
HIV and AIDS
Stress cannot give people AIDS. But an analysis of 33,252 participants from around the world found that stress and negative emotions sped the transition from HIV infection to AIDS. And stress predicted a faster decline in those with AIDS
Psychoneuroimmunology
studies our mind-body interactions.
Your emotions (psycho) affect your brain (neuro), which controls the endocrine hormones that influence your disease-fighting immune system. And this field is the study (ology) of those interactions. Let’s start by focusing on the immune system.
Faith factor
Religiously active people (especially in more religious cultures) tend to live longer than those who are not religiously active.
Locus of control
Those who have an external locus of control believe that outside forces control their fate.
Those who have an internal locus of control believe they control their own destiny.
Autonomic nervous system including understanding of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
system reactions
Flow
Effects of marriage on health
Effects of anger
Type A’s toxic core is negative emotions — especially anger. When these people are threatened or challenged by a stressor, they react aggressively. Their often-active sympathetic nervous system redistributes blood flow to their muscles, pulling blood away from their internal organs. The liver, which normally removes cholesterol and fat from the blood, can’t do its job. Excess cholesterol and fat continue to circulate in the blood and are deposited around the heart. Our heart and mind interact. People who react with anger over little things are the most coronary-prone
Social loafing
phenomenon where individuals exert less effort in a group task than when working alone
Routes of persuasion
Peripheral route persuasion uses attention-getting cues to trigger speedy, emotion-based judgments. One experiment gave some people information showing that vaccines do not cause autism (which they do not); others viewed photos of unvaccinated children suffering mumps, measles, or rubella, along with a parent’s description of measles misery. Only those given the vivid photos and description became more supportive of vaccines (Horne et al., 2015). Endorsements by beautiful or famous people can also influence people, whether they’re choosing a political candidate or a perfume. When environmental activist and actor Cate Blanchett urges action to counter climate disaster, or when Pope Francis (2015) states that “Climate change is a global problem with grave implications,” they hope to harness their appeal for peripheral route persuasion.
Central route persuasion offers evidence and arguments that aim to trigger careful thinking. To persuade buyers to purchase a new gadget, an ad might list all the latest features. Effective arguments to act on climate change have focused on the accumulating greenhouse gases, melting arctic ice, rising world temperatures and seas, and increasing extreme weather (van der Linden et al., 2015). Central route persuasion works well for people who are naturally analytical or involved in an issue. And because it is more thoughtful and less superficial, it is more durable. When people actively process a message — when they mentally elaborate on it — they more often retain it (a phenomenon described by the elaboration likelihood model).
Role of fathers
High rates of violence and youth imprisonment have been found in cultures and families with minimal or no father care
Self-esteem
Fundamental attribution error
Overestimating the influence of personality and underestimating the power of the situation. In class, Jack may be as quiet as Jill. Catch Jill at a party and you may hardly recognize your quiet classmate.
Passionate love
Attitude development and change
When are attitudes most likely to affect behavior? Under these conditions:
External influences are minimal.
The attitude is stable.
The attitude is specific to the behavior.
The attitude is easily recalled.
Exercise and attitude
Conformity
To conform in a group
Attraction
Mirror-image perceptions
Stereotyping and discrimination
Group polarization
The beliefs and attitudes we bring to a group grow stronger as we discuss them with like-minded others.
Cognitive dissonance
We have seen that actions can affect attitudes, sometimes turning prisoners into collaborators and role players into believers. But why? One explanation is that when we become aware of a mismatch between our attitudes and actions, we experience mental discomfort, or cognitive dissonance
Sex differences in poverty
Mere exposure effect
Reciprocal determination
Psychodynamic view of personality
Freud’s structures of personality
False consensus effect
Social-cognitive perspective
Self-esteem
Projective tests
Traits and trait theory
Carl Rogers and person-centered theory
Big Five
Eysench Personality Questionnaire
Freud’s psychsexual stages
