Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is intrasexual selection?

A

Competition between individuals of one sex (usually males) for the right to mate

Intrasexual selection often involves ritualized displays of dominance.

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2
Q

What is intersexual selection?

A

Mate choice where one gender selects a mate based on certain qualities

Qualities may include coloration, vocal qualities, and dominance.

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3
Q

What is coprophagy?

A

The act of eating feces

It can influence nutrient uptake and health outcomes.

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4
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A small change in the genetic material that can have significant effects

Example: Sickle cell anemia is caused by a change in one nucleotide in the hemoglobin gene.

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5
Q

What does homozygous mean in the context of sickle cell anemia?

A

Having two copies of the sickle cell allele, which causes the disease

Homozygous individuals are affected by sickle cell anemia.

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6
Q

What does heterozygous mean in the context of sickle cell anemia?

A

Having one normal allele and one sickle cell allele, which confers resistance to malaria

This is an example of heterozygote advantage.

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7
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

The phenomenon where one gene influences multiple phenotypic traits

In sickle cell anemia, the sickled hemoglobin can lead to various health effects.

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8
Q

What is heterozygote protection?

A

The concept that heterozygous phenotypes are more fit than homozygous phenotypes

This often results in the harmful homozygous individuals being removed from the gene pool.

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9
Q

What are beneficial mutations?

A

Mutations that enhance survival or reproductive success, leading to increased frequency in a population

These mutations contribute positively to the fitness of individuals.

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10
Q

How do mutations affect a population?

A

They serve as a source of new alleles

This can influence genetic diversity within the population.

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11
Q

What is nucleotide diversity?

A

The variation in nucleotide sequences among individuals

Humans are approximately 99% genetically similar to chimpanzees.

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12
Q

What are neutral variations?

A

Genetic variations that do not impact reproductive success

Example: Fingerprints are considered neutral variations.

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13
Q

What factors increase variability in a population?

A
  • Mutation
  • Recombination (random breeding)
  • Gene flow

These processes contribute to genetic diversity.

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14
Q

What factors decrease variability in a population?

A
  • Natural selection
  • Genetic drift
  • Non-random breeding

These processes can reduce genetic diversity.

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15
Q

What does fitness refer to in evolutionary terms?

A

An individual’s reproductive success

Fitness can be absolute or relative.

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16
Q

What is Fisher’s Fundamental Theorem?

A

The rate of evolution is proportional to the genetic variance of the population

Higher genetic variability allows for a greater potential rate of evolution.