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Adult care 2 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer risk factors

A

smoking, alcohol, obesity, oral contraceptive use, diet high in fat and low in fiber, uncontrolled DM, frequent sun exposure

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2
Q

Cancer prevention-primary

A

diet high in fruits and vegetables and complex carbohydrates, exercise, smoking cessation, control weight, stay out of the sun during peek hours and use sunscreen daily, PPE at work

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3
Q

Cancer prevention-secondary

A

Self examination practices: skin(annually by provider), oral cavity(dippers), lymph nodes, breasts(Once a month after period)/chest walls, testicles(in shower, once a month), penis

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4
Q

Cancer prevention-tertiary

A

Screening test:
Mammogram, PSA levels, prostate exams, papsmear (21 y/o and every 3 hours if normal)

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5
Q

When is primary cancer prevention started?

A

ASAP- young age

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6
Q

When is secondary cancer prevention started?

A

ASAP-never too young

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7
Q

When is tertiary cancer prevention started?

A

Mammogram at 40 and then annually (high risk individuals= 35), PSA at 50 and then every 2-3 years (high risk at 40), prostate exam 55-69 y/o

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8
Q

Lung cancer review

A

If not a smoker, radon is #1 cause
Heavy smokers= small cell carcinoma (oat-cell(
Non-small-cell carcinoma(bronchogenic carcinoma)= most common type of malignant lung cancer

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9
Q

Lung cancer S/S

A

Persistent cough, change in usual cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, frequent respiratory infection , CP, hoarseness, weight loss, anemia, fatigue

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10
Q

Bladder cancer S/S

A

Painless hematuria= 1st sign
Abnormal urine color, frequency, dysuria, UTI’s, back or abd pain

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11
Q

Bladder cancer risk factors

A

Advancing age, men, Caucasians, working with chemicals, smoking, excessive use of analgesics, experiencing recurrent UTIs, long-term catheter placement, chemotherapy, radiation

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12
Q

Bladder cancer tx

A

Surgical removal, radiation, chemotherapy, immunologic agents

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13
Q

Breast cancer S/S

A

Most common malignancy in women, second leading cause of cancer death in women
-asymptomatic, mass in breast or Axillary that is hard, uneven edges, usually painless, change in size, shape, feel of breast in nipple, nipple drainage that may be bloody, clear to yellow, green, or purulent

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14
Q

Breast cancer risk factors

A

Rates higher in Caucasian women, African American women more likely to die
Age, early onset of menstruation, family Hx, genetic predisposition (BRCA1,BRCA2), obesity, chest wall radiation, excessive alcohol cosumption, exogenous estrogen exposure

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15
Q

Breast cancers are

A

Estrogen dependent (mostly), originate in duct system, may arise in lobules, early the tumor is freely moving, tumor becomes fixed as cancer progresses
Metastasis occur to nearby lymph nodes, lungs, brain, bone and liver

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16
Q

Skin cancer risk factors

A

Males, Caucasian, fair complexion, family Hx, UV exposure (natural or artificial)= most significant risk factor

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17
Q

Skin cancer types

A

Basal cell carcinoma (most common), rarely metastasizes
Squamous cell carcinoma (middle layer of epidermis)
Melanoma (melanocytes), least common type but most serious, often metastasizes

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18
Q

Skin cancer appearance

A

Small, shiny, waxy, scaly, rough, firm, red, crusty, bleeding
-asymmetry, border irregularity, color variations, diameter larger than 6mm, any skin growth that bleeds or will not heal, any skin growth that changes in appearance over time

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19
Q

Prostate cancer

A

Most common cancer in men, particularly African Americans
-slow growing with unknown cause, obstructs urethra

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20
Q

Prostate cancer risk factors

A

History of STI’s, family Hx, high-fat diets, androgen hormone replacement, African american

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21
Q

Prostate cancer S/S

A

Urinary difficulties, erectile dysfunction, bloody semen, hematuria

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22
Q

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

A

Unknown cause, rarely occurs before 40, peaks at 67 y/o
-immature myeloblasts in bone marrow
-WBC may be low, normal, high
Prognosis depends on pt

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23
Q

S/S AML

A

Result from insufficient blood cells
-fever and infection (neutropenia)
-fatigue and weakness (anemia)
-bleeding tendencies (thrombocytopenia)
-painful enlarged liver/spleen(engorgement)
-hyperplasia of gums
-bone pain (expansion of marrow)

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24
Q

AML Dx and tx

A

CBC: dec RBC and PLT
BMA: excessive immature blast cells sitting in marrow
Tx: induce remission
Aggressive- cytarabine
Elderly pts can take hydroxyurea
BMT last resort

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25
Q

Tumor Lysis syndrome

A

Complication of cancer treatment
large amounts of tumor cells destroyed and components in blood stream
-hyperuricemia,hyperkalemia,hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia
Nurse role:
Monitor for bleeding, infections, pain, end of life issues

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26
Q

Chronic leukemia

A

Less likely to be terminal
Two types:
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Chronic myelogenous leukemia

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27
Q

Chronic leukemia…

A

Progresses more slowly
-longer life expectancy
-cells better differentiated
-unknown cause
Link between Epstein Barr virus
Predisposition in families

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28
Q

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

A

Older person (>72 usually)
-malignant transformation of B cells
“B symptoms”: fevers, night sweats, unintentional weight loss, and infections

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29
Q

CLL S/S

A

Weak, fatigue, painful lymphadenopathy
Anemia
Thrombocytopenia (depending on stage)
Enlarged spleen
Elevated WBC

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30
Q

CLL Dx and tx

A

Bone marrow biopsy
Tx not started until S/S appear severe
Not curable, only induce periods of remission
-combo therapy
-radiation to thymus, spleen, entire body
-older person have heightened risk of second malignancy with radiation

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31
Q

CLL progression requires…

A

Nutritional support, pain control ,skin care, emotional support

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32
Q

Chronic myelogenous leukemia

A

Overproduction of abnormal myeloid/blast
-uncontrolled proliferation of granulocytes
-causes bone marrow and organs to enlarge (pain)
Risk dramatically increases with age, if in chronic stage life expectancy >5 yrs
No known cause except ionizing radiation

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33
Q

CML S/S

A

Philadelphia chromosome- good Dx marker in 95% pts
-asymptomatic with leukocytes is
Classic chronic symptoms:
-fatigue, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, splenomegaly
-SOB, confusion with high leukocyte counts
-hepatomegaly, but functional
-fever and adenopathy in blast stage
WBC 15,000-500,000

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34
Q

Tx CML

A

Therapeutic blood draws to draw out some WBCs (dec blood viscosity)
Goal= control proliferation of WBC/induce remission
-bone marrow transplants
-leukophoresis (>300,000)
-hydroxurea

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35
Q

Nursing care for pts with leukemia

A

Know potential effects of leukemia and of tx and assess
-manage mucositis
-control pain and discomfort
- risk of dehydration
-weakness and fatigue (fall risk)
-rest between activities
-assist with self care
- anxiety/grieg
-hospice/ home health

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36
Q

Hodgikin’s lymphoma

A

More common in immunosuppressant pts
Reed-sternburg cells

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37
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma S/S

A

First sign= enlarged cervical node
-one or more enlarged painless lymph node(s)
“B” symptoms
-fatigue, pruritus, early mild anemia then worsens and accompanies with weight loss (poor prognosis)
-inc ESR, leukocytosis eosinophilia, leukopenia, PLT normal
-impaired cellular immunity so dec response to skin testing

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38
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Worst cancer, most aggressive
5 year survival for new Dx pts
Infiltrates bone marrow and aggregates into tumor masses in skeletal system

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39
Q

MM presentation

A

Bone pain , bone lesions (destruction of bone tissue, inc calcium form reabsorption of bone by osteoclasts)
RF secondary to hypercalcemia
Anemia d/T inhibited erythropoiesis

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40
Q

MM S/S

A

Pathological fx
Back pain/ribs pain
Repeated infection form suppressed humoral response (pneumonia/phyelonephritis)
-fever wight loss, night sweats, breakdown of bone can lead to RF

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41
Q

Dx of multiple myeloma

A

Blood test, sudden inc in protein in blood/urine
CRAB
C=elevated calcium (bone breakdown )
R=renal insufficiency
A=anemia
B=bone lesion
BMA
X-ray
Nuclear bone scan

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42
Q

tx of MM

A

No cure, poor prognosis
Chemo-treat immediate and high grade
Radiation
Plasmapheresis-when blood viscosity is high
-mostly end of life care

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43
Q

Caution-cancer

A

Things to look out for
C=change in bowel and bladder habits
A= A sore that does not heal
U= Unusual bleeding or discharge (women after menopause should NOT bleed)
T= thickening or a lump in breast or elsewhere
I= Indigestions or difficulty swallowing
O= Obvious change in wart or mole
N=nagging cough or hoarseness

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44
Q

Major treatment modalities- chemo

A

Systemic form of tx->destroys greatest number of cancer cells (goal= w/o irreversible damage to normal cells)
- destroys rapidly growing cells; interferes w/ cell growth and division
-nurse must be educated to administer
-same nurse who prepares dose does not administer
-another nurse must check MD order and IV contents

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45
Q

Major treatment modalities-radiation

A

Damage cancer cells during different phases of cell division
-duration= once/day for 5 days for 2-8 weeks (must give cancer cells time to reoxygenate)
-internal/external
Markings made on skin (with marker to mark location-most precise)

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46
Q

External radiation

A

Treat superficial lesions and deeper structures
Skin care: inspect for redness, ask about changes in sensation
No lotions, ointment, powders, or soaps
Do not wash off skin marking

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47
Q

internal radiation

A

Brachytherapy- high dose to localized area via implants, needles, seeds, beads, catheters
Pt=reverse isolation- protect pts and visitors (pt emits radiation)

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48
Q

S/e of tx- neutropenia

A

Depleted WBC, high risk of infection
-chemo not given if ANC= <1,500/cmm
-precautions for ANC= <1,000/cmm
-avoid animal contact
-no rectal exams/procedures
-no fresh flowers
-private room desirable
-use fresh ground pepper
-low microbial diet
- reverse isolation if ANC= <500
-STRICT HANDWASHING BY ALL STAFF AND FAMILY

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49
Q

S/e of tx of thrombocytopenia

A

Depleted platelets, high risk of bleeding
-chemo not given if PLT= <100,000cmm
-hold all sticks for 5 min
-use electric razors only
-no rectal temps, enemas, suppositories, or examinations
-no IM injections
-use stool softeners (avoid straining)
-no aspirin or aspirin-containing products/anticoagulants
-observe daily for petechia, ecchymosis, hematuria and inc ICP

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50
Q

Common physiologic complications-superior vena cava syndrome

A

Most often associated with lung cancer, lymphoma, metastases
-compression.invasion of SVC by tumor, enlarged lymph nodes

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51
Q

SVCS

A

Superior vena cava syndrome-oncologic emergency

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52
Q

S/S SVCS

A

Progressive SOB, cough, facial swelling, edema of neck, arms, hands, thorax, tightness and difficulty swelling, engorged and distended jugular

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53
Q

management of SVCS

A

Radiation-shrink tumor and relieve symptoms
-chemotherapy, oxygen therapy, anticoagulant therapy, diuretics

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54
Q

Nursing care for SVCS

A

Identify at risk pts
-check CV and neuro status
-position for easier breathing, minimize energy expenditure
-watch fluid balance, admin fluids with caution
-assess for dysphagia, esophagitis r/t radiation

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55
Q

Common physiologic complications-tumor lysis syndrome

A

Develops when cytotoxic therapies (chemo/irradation) cause destruction (lysis) of large number of rapidly dividing malignant cells
-lysis of fast growing cells is greater than the body’s capacity to excrete the end-products of cell death

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56
Q

What is released when cells die

A

Potassium,phosphorus, nucleic acids into general circulation
-results in hyperkalemia, hyperuricemia, hyperphosphatemia w/ secondary hypocalcemia
-puts pt at risk for renal failure and alterations in cardiac function

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57
Q

How is superior vena cava syndrome treated

A

Radiation to shrink tumor and relieve symptoms, chemotherapy, oxygen therapy, anticoagulative therapy, and diuretics

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58
Q

Fluid management for superior vena cava complication

A

Electrolyte imbalances, administer fluids with caution, assess for dysphagia, esophagitis r/t radiation

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59
Q

EOL management for superior vena cava complication

A

Manage pain and symptoms, oxygen therapy , prevent bleeding with anticoagulant therapy and prevent infection.

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60
Q

What meds are used in tumor lysis syndrome

A

Allopurinol(urinary alkalization, prevents kidney stones and kidney damage leading to RF)

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61
Q

Client education-tumor lysis syndrome

A

Hydration is IMPORTANT, keep UOP at least 150mL/hr
Allopurinol given orally 2-4 days prior to chemo

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62
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Porous bones, osteoclast activity greater than osteoblast activity leading to a decrease in bone density/mass-> risk for fx

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63
Q

Diagnostic procedures for osteoporosis

A

DEXA scan and T scores, Z scores

64
Q

What does a DEXA scan respresents?

A

The bone density,

65
Q

T scores- what do they represent?

A

The amount above or below the average healthy individual’s bone mass/density

66
Q

Osteoporosis medications

A

Calcium, vitamin D supplements and biphosphonates

67
Q

Actions of calcium supplements in osteoporosis

A

They are absorbed in the bloodstream to help keep up reserves/supplies with the osteoclast activity

68
Q

Actions of vitamin D supplements in osteoporosis

A

Enhances absorption of calcium

69
Q

Actions of biphosphonates in osteoporosis

A

Slow bone resorption

70
Q

Nursing considerations-calcium; osteoporosis

A

Calcium better absorbed with vitamin D (orange juice/acidic drinks or substances)
-supplements needed

71
Q

Nursing considerations-vitamin D supplements; osteoporosis

A

Helps the absorption of calcium in the gut

72
Q

Nursing considerations- biphosphonates; osteoporosis

A

Sit up in a chair for min 30 min when taking to avoid esophagitis.
Tx taken for 3 yrs, if DEXA scan performed and if bone density is improved/maintained, Rx is d/c for 3 yrs
DEXA results determine if Rx restarted

73
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA)

A

Most common form of arthritis, major cause of disability
“Degenerative joint disease”
-progressive deterioration and loss of cartilage and bone in one or more joints

74
Q

Patho of OA

A

Proteoglycans and water dec in joints, synovial fluid prod dec with age, enzymes breakdown cellular matrix. Cartilage erodes and joint space narrows-bone spurs develop.
Progression:
Fissures, calcifications, ulcerations develop and cartilage thins; inflammatory cytokines enhance deterioration and normal repair process cannot overcome degeneration

75
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

systemic autoimmune disorder in which systemic inflammation affects all joints. Usually Bilat

76
Q

S/s osetoarthirits

A

Develop slowly, pain and tenderness worsens with activity, crepitus, stiffness in am, bone spurs, bony hypertrophy, joint effusions, unilateral, nodes (Heberden’s and Bouchard’s)

77
Q

S/s rheumatoid arthritis

A

fever, fatigue, swan neck deformity of fingers, boutinierres, ulnar deviation of first metacarpal phalanges

78
Q

Labs-OA

A

X-rays(determine changes in joints), MRI, CT(examining knee and vertebrae)
ESR and C-reactive protein may be slightly elevated r/t secondary synovitis

79
Q

Labs-RA

A

ESR(inc)
CBC
Rheumatoid factor (positive in RA)
C-reactive protein(CRP)(measures substance in liver that inc in presence of inflamm)
ANA(antinuclear antibody)(positive in RA and other autoimmune conditions like lupus)

80
Q

Difference between OA and RA S/S

A

RA=systemic, autoimmune, stiffness ongoing, pain at rest
OA=local, “wear and tear”, stiffness resolves, pain with movement

81
Q

Difference between OA and RA labs

A

RF=RA, ANA, blood tests with inflammatory markers
OA=imaging to see changes in joints and skeletal structures, no inflammatory markers

82
Q

Pain management-arthritis

A

NSAIDs, DMARDS, Glucocorticoids

83
Q

NSAIDs-arthritis pain management

A

RA
Reduce pain and inflammation (ibuprofen, naproxen)
Side effects= tinnitus, stomach irritation, heart problems, liver and kidney damage

84
Q

Dietary supplements-arthritis pain management

A

OA
Glucosamine(may dec inflammation) and chondroitin(may strengthen cartilage)=most effective non Rx supplements for pain and function
RA
Fish oil(reduce RA pain/stiffness)
Plant oils (pain and morning stiffness relief from evening primrose, borage, black currant—> fatty acid)

85
Q

DMARDS-arthritis pain management

A

Slow progression of TA and save joints and other tissues from permanent damage
-methotrexate
S/e=liver damage, bone marrow suppression, severe lung infections

86
Q

Glucocorticoids- arthritis pain management

A

prednisone
Used in RA to reduce inflammation, pain, and slow joint damage
Acute- goal=taper off
Pulse therapy: high dose for short duration
S/e=thinning of bones, weight gain, DM

87
Q

Immunosuppressive agents- arthritis

A

Biological agents and steroids

88
Q

Biologic agents (BRM)

A

Newer class of DMARDS
Avatacept, adalimumab, rituximab,etc
Target parts of the immune system that trigger inflammation and causes joint and tissue damage.
Most effective when paired with nonbiologic DMARD(methotrexate)

89
Q

Major side effects of immunosuppressants- arthritis

A

INFECTION
Myelosupression-pancytopenia
Bone pain
Anemia-fainting/weakness/fatigue-fall precautions
Osteoporosis
GI irritation

90
Q

Pre-op care: joint replacements

A

assess for mobility issues, need for assistive/adaptive equipment (baseline), discontinue RX that inc r/f clotting and bleeding one week before surgery (NSAIDs, Vit C and E, hormone replacement therapy , oral contraceptives)

91
Q

Post-op care: joint replacements

A

Prevent hip dislocation, blood clots, infection, anemia
Abduction pillow(hip)
Splint (knee)
Keep heels off bed
Assist with movement slowly
Caution for orthostatic hypotension in older adult
Manage pain

92
Q

Pre-op education: joint replacements

A

Stop any drugs that cause r/f bleeding and clotting at least a week before surgery (NSAIDs, Vit C and E, hormone replacement, oral contraceptives)
Report any signs of infection/sickness (fever, uncontrolled HTN, DM), report Hx of osteoporosis

93
Q

Post-op education: joint replacements-hip

A

Do not sit or stand for prolonged period of time
Do not cross legs
Do not bend hips for more than 90 degrees
Do not twist body when standing
Use assistive devices for dressing
Report inc pain to surgeon
Do not overexert
Inspect incision daily for s/s infection
Perform post-op exercise as instructed

94
Q

Post-op education: joint replacements-Knee

A

Continuous passive motion (CPM)-prevent scar tissue
May swell more than hip surgery-ice packs
Maintain knee in neutral position, no hyperflexion or rotation

95
Q

Nursing interventions to prevent DVT: joint replacements

A

Foot pumps, compression stockings, ambulating (ERAS programs), ROM exercises, ice packs, SCDs,

96
Q

Anticoagulants-joint replacements

A

Heparin

97
Q

LMWH-joint replacements

A

Enoxaparin
SubQ injection

98
Q

Pain meds- joint replacements

A

Analgesics (opioids, NSAIDs)

99
Q

Antibiotics- joint replacements

A

Prophylactic-pre op

100
Q

Monitor neurovascular status-joint replacements

A

5 Ps
-pain
-pallor
-paresthesia
-paralysis
-pulselessness
Cap refill
ROM
Sensation

101
Q

Gout

A

Gouty arthritis
Crystals deposit in joints and other tissues =inflammation

102
Q

Primary gout

A

most common type
-Inborn error of purine metabolism(inc Uris acid), -kidneys cannot excrete: deposit in tissues
Strong fam Hx link
Middle age and older men, post menopausal women, peak onset between 40-50 yrs old

103
Q

Secondary gout

A

Caused by other disease (renal insufficiency \, crash dieting, diuretics, chemo, multiple myeloma)
-older adults with comorbidities common

104
Q

Clinical stages of gout

A

Asymptomatic hyperuricemia (pt unaware)
Acute gouty arthritis (most common great toe metatarsophalangeal joint)
Chronic gout (3-40 yrs after initial episode, urate crystals under skin and in renal system)

105
Q

Medications for gout management

A

Acute vs chronic

106
Q

Acute medications for gout management

A

Colchicine(anti-inflamm)
Corticosteroids(prednisone)
NSAID(ibuprofen)

107
Q

Chronic medications for gout management

A

Allopurinol(block Utica cid production)
Febuxostat(block can’t hinge into Uris acid)
Probenecid(inc secretion of renal dysfunction)

108
Q

Gout medication education

A

Take after meals witha full glass of water
64 oz of water is great to reduce renal insufficiency
Avoid aspirin (deactivates meds to tx)

109
Q

Dietary restrictions-gout

A

Low purine diet
Organ meats, shellfish, oily fish with bones, excessive ETOH
FAD diets, ASA, diuretics should be avoided

110
Q

Classifications of anemia

A

Macrocyctic(>100), normocytic(>80,<100), microcytic(<80)

111
Q

Macrocytic anemia

A

MCV>100
Deficiency of B12, folic acid, or IF
-hypothyroidism, alcoholism, liver disease, drugs that inhibit DNA replication (methotrexate, zidovudine)

112
Q

Normocytic anemia

A

(80<MCV<100)
Acute blood loss
Chronic diseases
Bone marrow failure
Hemolysis
Poor production
Chronic/acute loss

113
Q

Microcytic anemia

A

(MCV<80)
Heme synthesis defect
Iron deficiency
Globin synthesis defect
Sideroblastic defect

114
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

Most common anemia
microcytic , small pale RBC
Iron studies
Serum ferritin
Serum FE
Transferrin saturation
Total iron binding capacity (TIBC)
Bone marrow aspiration (is suspect leukemia)

115
Q

Iron deficiency anemia Causes

A

Acute blood loss
Chronic blood loss
Inadequate intake
CONSIDER GI FIRST (GI BLEED)

116
Q

Iron deficiency anemia-S/S

A

Onset gradual
Hub drops 7-8g/dL
-fatigue weakness SOB pale earlobes palms and conjunctiva
-fingernails brittle and concave, soreness and redness of tongue, corner of mouth dry and cracked
-progression=neuromuscular changes, gastritis, irritability, HA, paresthesia
Elderly= mental confusion, memory loss, disorientation

117
Q

Iron deficiency anemia-dietary management

A
118
Q

Iron deficiency anemia- medication management

A

DONT TX ANEMIA W/O KNOWING CAUSE
-1-2 weeks treatment=reversed
Ferrous sulfate 325mg for 6-12 months after bleeding stops
Vit C inc absorption
Empty stomach if tolerated
Stool=dark green to black
Constipation
N/V
Take at bedtime to sleep through icky feelings

119
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

Normocytic anemia
Occurs at any age
Need increase in folic acid to inc RBC production

120
Q

Hemolytic anemia - causes

A

Hemolysis or premature destruction of RBCs
-Autoimmune antibodies
Hodgkin’s/non-hodgkins
-trauma , heart valves, burns, exposure to toxic chem, drugs, sickle cell

121
Q

Hemolytic anemia- S/S

A
122
Q

Hemolytic anemia- medication management

A

Increase in folic acid needed to inc production of RBCs
150-400mcg per day
-can be associated with:
Ibuprofen, I-dopa, PCN, ceph abx, tetracyclines, Tylenol, ASA, erythromycin, hydrazine, HCTZ, insulin

123
Q

Anemia of chronic disease

A
124
Q

Anemia of chronic disease-causes

A

Inflammation infection tissue injury
-malnutrition
-cancer
Renal insufficiency
-chronic liver disease

125
Q

Anemia of chronic disease-S/S

A

Fatigue, weakness, bone suppression, bone main, recurrent infections, kidney disease/insufficiency, FTT, low folic acid and Vit C, N/V,jaundice
Normocytic anemia

126
Q

Anemia of chronic disease-dietary management

A

Increase calcium, vitamin C, folic acid(folate)

127
Q

Effectors of iron absorption

A

Inhibiting iron absorption:
-coffee, tea, milk, cereals, dietary fiber, carbonated beverages
Dietary supplements with Ca, Zn, Mn, Cu
Antacids, H2 blockers, PPIs

128
Q

Facilitating iron absorption

A

Vitamin C
Acidic foods

129
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

MCV>100
Most common cause of -macrocytic anemia in older person (B12/Folate deficiency)
Defective DNA synthesis causes abnormally large and thickened cells

130
Q

Pernicious anemia-causes

A

B-12 deficiency
Lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach
-gastrectomy, small bowel disease, H-pylori infection, prolonged antacids, strict vegetarian diet
-heavy alcohol ingestion
-cigarette smoking
-autoimmune disorders-particularly those effecting endocrine

131
Q

Pernicious anemia-S/S

A

Develops slowly over 20-30 years
Early signs:
-infections
-mood swings
-GI/cardiac/Kidney ailments
-Hgb 7-8g/dL, develop classic sings of anemia
-weakness, fatigue, paresthesia of feet and fingers
-weight loss, sore mouth, beefy red tongue, difficulty walking, abdominal pain

132
Q

Pernicious anemia-dietary management

A
133
Q

Pernicious anemia- medication management

A

B12 injections for life
Incurable

134
Q

Folic acid anemia

A
135
Q

Folic acid anemia-Causes

A
136
Q

Folic acid anemia-S/S

A
137
Q

Folic acid anemia-Dietary management

A
138
Q

Folic acid anemia-Medication management

A
139
Q

Leukemia

A
140
Q

Leukemia-causes

A
141
Q

Leukemia-B symptoms

A
142
Q

Leukemia-B S/S cause

A
143
Q

Leukemia-survivability

A
144
Q

Leukemia-old person and survivability

A
145
Q

Leukemia-young person and survivabilty

A
146
Q

Leukemia-thrombocytopenic concerns

A
147
Q

Leukemia-neutropenia concerns

A
148
Q

Lymphoma-

A
149
Q

Lymphoma-Causes

A
150
Q

Lymphoma-B symptoms

A
151
Q

Lymphoma-B symptoms cause

A
152
Q

Lymphoma-Treatment

A
153
Q

Lymphoma-End of life management

A
154
Q

Lymphoma-Survivability

A
155
Q
A

Adult care 2 (4 decks)

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