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Advance Patho/Phyiso > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

When do the gonads differentiate in uterine

A

Male dependent sex hormones

6-7 weeks testes form with testosterone
6-8 weeks ovaries form in the absence of testosterone
Testes determining factor Testosterone

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2
Q

What hormone stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles

A

FSH

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3
Q

Which hormone stimulates the production of estradiol by ovaries

A

LH

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4
Q

Adrenarche

A

Increased production of adrenal androgens Occurs in both sexes

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5
Q

Gonadarche

A

Gonadal maturation
Completely separate from Adrenarche
DHEA (androgen)

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6
Q

What leads to ovulation and menstrual cycles

A

Gonadotropins and hormones

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7
Q

Which hormone stimulates the Leydig cells of the testes to produce testosterone

A

LH

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8
Q

Which hormone stimulates further growth of seminiferous tubules to increase testicular volume

A

FSH

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9
Q

Three layers of uterus

A

Perimetrium, myometrium (muscular), endometrium

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10
Q

What is the inside of the ovary

A

Medulla

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11
Q

What is the outside of the ovary

A

Cortex- contains the ovarian follicles and granulosa cells

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12
Q

When one follicle reaches maturation and discharges its ovum through the ovary termed:

A

Ovulation

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13
Q

What controls the ovarian function

A

Interaction between pituitary secretion of FSH and LH with secretion of estradiol by the ovarian follicles

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14
Q

Three estrogens

A

Estradiol
Estrone
Estriol

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15
Q

Estrone

A

Converted from androgens in the ovaries peripheral metabolite of estrone and estradiol Stimulated by LH

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16
Q

Estriol

A

The hormone of pregnancy

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17
Q

Progesterone

A

Mainly male sex hormones
Produced in small amounts in women

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18
Q

Menarche

A

First menstruation with mature ovum

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19
Q

Phases of menstruation

A

Proliferating phase- first days
Ovulation- beginning of the luteal (secretory) phase
If no implantation occurs, then menses begins

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20
Q

High level of which hormone stimulates ovum maturation

A

LH

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21
Q

Which hormone increases body temperature

A

Progesterone

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22
Q

Body temp. In the follicular phase

A

98F

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23
Q

What happens to temperature after the LH surge

A

Average temperature increases

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24
Q

What happens to body temp. At the end of the luteal phase

A

Body temp declines

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25
Q

Breast tissue can extend into the axils known as

A

Tail of Spence

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26
Q

Sebaceous glands located in the areola and aid in lubrication of the nipple during lactation

A

Glands of Montgomery

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27
Q

Which nervous system leads to erect nipples after stimulation

A

Sympathetic

28
Q

Gynecomastia

A

Temporary breast enlargement in males due to hormonal fluctuations

29
Q

Which sex hormones are produced by the testes

A

Androgens and testosterone

30
Q

What is the outer covering of the testes

A

Tunica vaginalis

31
Q

What is the inner covering of the testes

A

Tunica albuginea

32
Q

What are the seminiferous tubules

A

Bulk of the testes, site of sperm production
Aka S tubules

33
Q

Leydig cells purpose

A

Mainly male sex hormones

34
Q

Purpose of the epididymis

A

Seminiferous tubules

35
Q

Purpose of the vas deferents

A

Androgens and testosterone

36
Q

Montgomery

A

Temporary breast enlargement in males due to hormonal fluctuations

37
Q

Sympathetic

A

Bulk of the testes, site of sperm production

Aka S tubules

38
Q

Androgens and testosterone

A

Produce androgens, chiefly testosterone

39
Q

tunica vaginalis

A

Comma shaped structure that curves over the posterior portion of each testis

40
Q

tunica albuginea

A

Storage of sperm

41
Q

Leydig cells purpose

A

Secretes fluids for sperm transport

42
Q

Purpose of the epididymis

A

Creates an alkaline medium for motility and survival

43
Q

Purpose of the vas defer-ents

A

Provides the source of energy for the sperm (fructose)

44
Q

Sperm enters the pelvic cavity through the

A

Spermatic cord

45
Q

What causes the penis erectile reflex

A

Corpora cavernous and corpus spongiform become engorged with blood

46
Q

The ____________ causes the arterioles to dilate through the release of ________

A

Parasympathetic nerves Nitric oxide

47
Q

Purpose of the prostate gland, two seminal vesicles, and two Cowper glands

A

Secrete prostaglandins

Secrete mucus into the ejaculate

48
Q

Purpose of the seminal vesicles

A

Secrete fluids for sperm transport

49
Q

What is prostatic fluid

A

Thin, milky substance with alkaline pH

50
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A

Creates clotting enzymes and fibrinolysin to help mobilize the sperm after ejaculation

Aka Cowper glands

51
Q

Vasectomy

A

Vasa deferens are severed

52
Q

Spermatogonia

A

Primitive male gametes

53
Q

Spermatogonia develop into ____________ which divide into

A

Spermatogonia -> primary spermatocytes

Divide into secondary spermatocytes -> then spermatids

54
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Cells found within the seminiferous tubules that provide metabolic support for the spermatids

55
Q

Production of the male sex hormones is controlled by

A

The H-P-G axis

56
Q

Where is the primary androgen for males produced

A

In the Leydig cells in the testes Necessary for external Virilization

57
Q

Dihydrotestosterone purpose

A

Maintains biosynthesis of testosterone

58
Q

Prolactin purpose

A

Acts on Leydig cells to regulate testosterone secretion

59
Q

Purpose of LH in males

A

Acts on Sertoli cells to promote spermatogenesis

60
Q

Purpose of FSH in males

A

Secreted by the sertoli

61
Q

Purpose of inhibit

A

Inhibits FSH secretion

62
Q

Perimenopause in females

A

Ovaries produce high levels of estrogen

63
Q

Definition of menopause

A

1 year after the cessation of menstruation

64
Q

Ovarian changes in aging

A

Reproductive organ atrophy

65
Q

Uterine changes in aging

A

Thinning of vaginal epithelium

66
Q

Male reproductive aging

A

Decrease in size starting at 30

67
Q

Reduced testosterone can cause

A

Hot flashes, breast tenderness, and migraine headaches

Advance Patho/Phyiso (3 decks)

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