Exam 4 Flashcards
What organisms are in phylum Mollusca
Snails, nudibranchs, squids, clams
What are the three main body parts that make up a mollusc
Head/Foot region, Radula, and the mantle
What are the 8 classes of Mollusca
Caudofoveata, Solenogastres, Polyplacophora, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda
What is the radula
It is a common feature shared across Mollusca, it is a tongue like organ with sandpaper like teeth
What is the shell composition of the phylum Mollusca
The shells are made out of calcium carbonate
What are the main members of the Gastropoda class
Snail, limpets, abalones, conchs, sea angels, periwinkles, sea slug, sea hares
What are the main characteristics of the Gastropoda class
presence of a shell, foot, radula
What are the main reproduction strategies employed by the Gastropoda class
Most are hermaphrodites and perform internal fertilization with complex mating rituals.
What are the main characteristics of Bivalvia
Sessile, hinge jointed shell, filter feeders
What are the main members of Bivalvia
Mussels, clam, scallops, oyster, shipworms
What are the main reproduction strategies for Bivalvia
eggs are fertilized externally, free swimming larva have to settle on substrate to become adults
What are main characteristics Cephalopoda class
Complex anatomy, pen (heavily reduced ancestral shell)
What are the main members of the Cephalopoda class
squids, octopuses, nautiluses, devilfish, cuttlefish, ammonoids
Why are the members of the Cephalopoda class considered the smartest of the invertebrates
They have been able to solve very complex puzzles and have a very large brain for an invertebrate
What system of blood flow to Cephalopods have
They have a closed circulatory system with three hearts
What are the three class in Phylum Annelida
Oligochaeta - Earthworms
Hirundinida -Leeches
Polychaetes -Marine worms
What are the main characteristics in the phylum Annelida
There are no over arching feature to connect all the members of the phyla. But there are some common one bilateral, triploblastic development (real coelom) setae present.
What are the common characteristics of the Polychaetes
They are marine worms
What are the common characteristics of the Oligochaeteta
Mostly terrestrial worms. Small setae cover their bodies
What are the main characteristics of the clade Ecdysozoa
the clade is defined by having a cuticle, and molting said cuticle
What are tagmata in the arthropod phylum
Tagmata are separated or fused body parts of the phylum. Typically head, thorax and abdomen.
What is Ecydsis
It is the process of shedding the cuticle in Arthropods
What is the exoskeleton composed of
Chitin(polysaccharide), protein, lipid
What are the differences between Uniramous vs biramous
Uniarmous leg plans end in one point. Biarmous legs end in two points
What are mandibles and what class do they belong too
They are moving mouth parts made for chewing. They belong to the hexapods
What are Chelicera and what class do they belong too
They are mouth parts. They belong to the chelicerates
How is the phylum Nematoda defined
Triploblastic bilaterally symmetrical pseudocoelomates
Cylindrical in shape
Flexible with unique body wall muscles
Lack cilia
How do nematods move
They move threw hydrostatic pressure that is built up in the pseudocoel of the worm
What organs in the nematods take up most of their body
Their reproductive organs
How is the sub-phylum Chelicerta defined
Two tagmata body plan
Four pairs of walking legs
no antennae
suck liquid food out of their prey
What are the classes in Chelicerta
Pycnogonida (sea spider), Merostomata (horse shoe crab), Arachnids (spider, mites, tics, scorpions)
How is the sub-phylum Myriapoda defined
2 pairs or 1 pair of legs on each body segment
pair of mandibles
pair of antennae
ocelli eyes
pair of malpighian tubules empty into the hind part of the intestine
How is the sub-phylum hexapoda defined
6 legs all uniramous
3 body segments (tagmata)
appendages attach to head and thorax
abdominal appendages greatly reduced or lost
What are the 2 classes within hexapoda
Entognatha -spring tails, Insecta- everything else
What are the sclerites
The plates in hexapods exoskeleton
What are the 3 major types of strategies used for development
1) Ametabolous (direct)
2)Demimetabolous (incomplete)
3)Holometabolous (complete)
What are the two classes in Crustacea
Malacostraca (crabs, lobsters, shrimp, etc..), Brachiopoda (water fleas, etc…)
How is the sub-phlyum crustacea defined
Two pairs of antennae
one pair of mandibles
one pair of apendages on each segment
biarmous leg plan
What is the operculum
A hard part of a gastropod’s body that is used to completely seal the creature into its shell.
What are their larva considered (Mollusca)
Trochophore free swimming larva
Which class in Mollusca does not have radulas
Bivalvia they filter feed on their gills
What is the umbo in the bivalves
The umbo is the oldest part of the shell
What is the pen in squids
The pen is the reduced shell from having shelled ancestors
Why is the current taxonomy of Annelida debated
Their is none unifying characteristics to link all organism in the phylum together.
What are the commony know members of each of the Annelida old classes (now clades)
Oligochaeteta- Earthworms
Hirundinida- leechs
Polychaetes- Marine worms
Which class(old) of Annelida only consists of 34 segments
Hirundinida -leeches
What is the pygidum
Annelida anus
What are the two sphere shaped organs behind the seminal vesicles in earth worms.
The crop and the gizzard
What extremely large clade are nematodes in
Ecdysozoa
Why are the nematodes in Ecdysozoa
They having a non-living cuticle that they need to shed in order to grow
What are the four steps that roundworms (Ascaris) need to do to reach sexually maturity
1) Eggs are laid in soil then a human eats a contaminated crop
2)Infective juveniles burrow through the skin to the blood
3)Then they reach the lungs
4)They then reach the intestines to mature and pass their eggs through the host feces
How do nematodes move
hydrostatic skeleton
What is a disease that a nematode infection can cause if it redirects a muscle gene, to trick the hosts nurse cells to nourish the nematodes
Trichinosis
Is a nematode’s cuticle living or non-living
non-living
What is the clade called that has phyla echinodermata and hemichordata
Ambulacraria
What are the characteristics in Echinodermata
They have a water vascular system
Pentaradial symmetry
Endoskeleton of large plates or small scattered ossicles
Pedicellaria (Tiny pinchers on surface)
Why are the phyla Echinodermata and Hemichordata in the same clade Ambulacraria
They share similar larval forms suggesting common ancestry
Filtering structure called an axial complex
What are the 5 classes in Echinodermata
> Asteroidea - sea stars
Ophiuroidea - brittle stars
Holothuroidea -sea cucumbers
Echinoidea - sea urchins
Crinoidea -feather stars + sea lilies
What are the 3 parts of the body in the phylum Hemichordata
The proboscis, collar, trunk
What is the unique anatomy characteristics that the phylum Echinoderms present
Ambulara- radiating grooves where podia of the water vascular system characteristically
Ambulacral area- runs from the mouth on the oral side of each arm to the tip of the arm
Tube feet- Numerous small, muscular fluid-filled tubes projecting from an echinoderm
Madreporite- seivelike structure providing the intake for the water vascular system
Axial complex- A press-filtering system for circulatory fluids in echinoderm
What is the special about Echinoderm’s larval forms
They are bilateral with a head end
What are the characteristics in Echinoidea
Compact body enclosed in an endoskeletal shell (called a test)
Lack arms
Have tube feet
What are the characteristics in Holothuroidea
Greatly elongated in the oral aboral axis
Ossicles are reduced in most
Soft bodied
Can self eviscerate in defense
What are the characteristics in Crinoids
Stalked body
Leathery skin called tegmen
No madreporite
What are the 2 classes found in the phylum Hemichordata
Enterpneusta (acorn worm)
Pterobranchia
