Exam 4

Question 1

Red Blood Cells

Answer 1

Specialized hemocytes for transporting O2 (and some CO2)
Found in all vertebrates, and some invertebrates
Red blood cells are different in size, number and build, in different animal species

Question 2

Mammalian RBCs

Answer 2

Tiny, non-nucleated
Have no organelles
Characteristic bi-concave shape maximizes surface area for gas exchange

Question 3

Non-mammalian RBCs

Answer 3

Large
Nucleated
Have organelles
Tend to be round/oval
Less efficient at gas exchange, but RBCs live much longer

Question 4

Mating System

Answer 4

the duration and number of relationships between reproductive males and females of a given species or population

Question 5

Promiscuous

Answer 5

no strong pair-bonds

Question 6

Monogamous

Answer 6

1 male mating with 1 female
Male and female look alike

Question 7

Polygamous

Answer 7

Having multiple partners
Male and female look different

Question 8

Sexual Dimorphism

Answer 8

The extent to which males and females differ in appearance

Typically varies with the type of mating system, such that there is a predictable relationship between mating system, and male and female form

Among polygamous species, the sex that attracts multiple partners is typically more ornamented and larger than the opposite sex

Question 9

Stimulus

Answer 9

Detectable change in environment

Detection of a stimulus by a sensory cell

Question 10

Sympathetic neurons

Answer 10

Promote a state of hyperarousal (“fight-or flight”)
Heart beats faster, digestion slows, pupils dilate, etc.

Question 11

Parasympathetic neurons

Answer 11

Promote a state of calming and self-maintenance (“rest and digest”)
Heart beat slows, digestion upregulated, pupils constrict, etc.

Question 12

Enteric neurons

Answer 12

Can act completely independently of input from any other component of the vertebrate nervous system.
But interacts with the autonomic NS to regulate digestion when appropriate.
The animal body’s “second brain” or “gut brain”. Probably evolved first!

Question 13

Rods; Mammalian Photoreceptor Cells

Answer 13

“Night vision”
Extremely sensitive to light, but do not distinguish colors – see in shades of gray.
Fuzzy image

Question 14

Cones; Mammalian Photoreceptor Cells

Answer 14

“Daytime vision”
Much less sensitive to light, provides color vision.
Sharp, detailed image

Question 15

statocysts

Answer 15

Organs with mechanoreceptors that most invertebrates rely on

Question 16

Statoliths

Answer 16

Grains of sand or other dense materials – sit freely in a chamber lined with ciliated receptor cells
Each time an animal repositions itself, the statoliths resettle, stimulating mechanoreceptors at the low point in the chamber.

Question 17

Atria

Answer 17

chambers receiving blood ENTERING the heart

Question 18

Ventricles

Answer 18

chambers pumping blood OUT of the heart

Question 19

All vertebrate hearts contain …..

Answer 19

two or more muscular chambers

Question 20

What differs among vertebrate groups hearts?

Answer 20

Number of chambers
The degree of separation from one another