Exam 4

Question 1

Manifesto

Answer 1

A public declaration of principles, intentions, or aims, especially one issued by an artistic movement or group, often setting forth the goals and beliefs of the movement.

Question 2

Abstraction

Answer 2

A style of art that does not attempt to represent an accurate depiction of visual reality but instead uses shapes, colors, forms, and gestural marks to achieve its effect, often emphasizing the expressive or conceptual aspects of art.

Question 3

Nonrepresentational

Answer 3

Art that does not attempt to depict recognizable objects or scenes but instead focuses on elements such as color, shape, line, and texture for their own sake.

Question 4

Complementary

Answer 4

Colors that are opposite each other on the color wheel, such as red and green, blue and orange, or yellow and purple. When placed next to each other, complementary colors create contrast and enhance each other’s intensity.

Question 5

The Fauves

Answer 5

A group of early 20th-century artists, including Henri Matisse and André Derain, known for their use of bold, intense colors and simplified forms, which emphasized expression over realistic representation.

Question 6

Die Brücke

Answer 6

A group of German expressionist artists formed in Dresden in 1905, including Ernst Ludwig Kirchner and Emil Nolde, who sought to express their emotions and experiences through vivid colors, distorted forms, and a rejection of traditional artistic conventions.

Question 7

Primitivism

Answer 7

An artistic movement or tendency characterized by the incorporation of elements from non-Western or prehistoric art and culture, often used to evoke a sense of raw, instinctual expression or a return to a more primitive state of being.

Question 8

Expressionism

Answer 8

Broad artistic movement, particularly prominent in the early 20th century, characterized by the expression of inner emotional experiences and subjective perspectives through distortion, exaggeration, and vivid use of color and form.

Question 9

Der Blaue Reiter

Answer 9

A group of German artists, including Wassily Kandinsky and Franz Marc, formed in Munich in 1911, known for their abstract and symbolic approach to art, focusing on spiritual and emotional themes and rejecting traditional artistic conventions.

Question 10

Washes

Answer 10

Thin, translucent layers of diluted paint or ink applied to a surface, often used in watercolor painting to build up color and create subtle gradations of tone. (applications of dillutted watercolors)

Question 11

Arabesque

Answer 11

An intricate and decorative pattern of intertwined lines, often inspired by elements of Islamic art and characterized by its flowing, organic forms.

Question 12

Cubism

Answer 12

An early 20th-century art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, characterized by the fragmentation and reassembly of form and space into geometric shapes and multiple perspectives, challenging traditional notions of representation.

Question 13

Analytic Cubism

Answer 13

The early phase of Cubism, characterized by the analysis and deconstruction of forms into geometric shapes and the depiction of multiple viewpoints within a single composition, often rendered in monochromatic or limited color palettes.

Question 14

Synthetic Cubism

Answer 14

The later phase of Cubism, characterized by the use of collage and mixed media to create compositions that synthesized multiple viewpoints and fragmented forms into cohesive wholes, often incorporating elements of text and everyday objects.

Question 15

Assemblage

Answer 15

A technique of art making in which three-dimensional objects or materials, often found or recycled, are combined and arranged to create a sculpture or other artwork, emphasizing the physical and conceptual associations between the assembled elements

Question 15

Collage

Answer 15

A technique of art making in which materials such as paper, fabric, or found objects are glued or otherwise affixed to a surface to create a composition, often resulting in juxtapositions of disparate elements and textures.

Question 16

Futurism

Answer 16

An early 20th-century art movement, founded in Italy by Filippo Marinetti, which celebrated modern technology, speed, and the dynamism of urban life, often depicted through dynamic compositions, fragmented forms, and bold use of color.

Question 17

Icon

Answer 17

A religious image or symbol, typically representing a sacred figure or object, often venerated or used as an object of devotion in certain religious traditions.

Question 18

Woodblock print

Answer 18

A printmaking technique in which an image is carved into a block of wood, with the raised areas inked and pressed onto paper to create a print, often used in traditional East Asian art forms such as Japanese ukiyo-e prints.

Question 18

Prairie Style

Answer 18

An architectural style developed by Frank Lloyd Wright, characterized by its integration with the surrounding landscape, low-pitched roofs, horizontal lines, and open floor plans, reflecting Wright’s belief in organic architecture.

Question 19

Cantilevered

Answer 19

A structural element, such as a beam or platform, that is supported at one end only, projecting horizontally from a vertical support without additional bracing or support.

Question 19

Curtain wall

Answer 19

A non-structural exterior wall, often made of glass or other transparent materials, which encloses and protects the interior of a building while allowing for views and natural light

Question 20

Rose window

Answer 20

A large, circular stained glass window, often found in Gothic cathedrals and churches, featuring intricate tracery and depicting religious imagery, symbols, or scenes.

Question 21

Installation

Answer 21

A form of contemporary art in which artists create immersive environments or arrangements of objects within a specific space, often intended to engage the viewer physically and emotionally and to explore conceptual or thematic ideas.

Question 22

Photo montage

Answer 22

A technique of combining multiple photographic images or fragments into a single composite image, often used to create surreal or visually striking compositions.

Question 23

Classicism

Answer 23

An artistic movement or style characterized by adherence to classical principles of balance, harmony, and order, often inspired by the art and architecture of ancient Greece and Rome.

Question 24

Purism

Answer 24

An art movement founded by Amédée Ozenfant and Le Corbusier in the early 20th century, which advocated for a return to clarity, simplicity, and geometric forms in art and architecture, rejecting the ornamentation and excesses of previous styles.

Question 25

Fluting

Answer 25

A decorative motif consisting of shallow vertical grooves or channels, often found on columns, pilasters, or other architectural elements.

Question 26

Domino construction system:

Answer 26

A structural system developed by Le Corbusier, consisting of concrete columns and horizontal slabs, which allowed for flexible floor plans and the creation of open, airy spaces.

Question 27

Bauhaus

Answer 27

A school of art, design, and architecture founded by Walter Gropius in Germany in 1919, known for its interdisciplinary approach, emphasis on craftsmanship and functionalism, and pioneering role in modernist design.

Question 28

Dada

Answer 28

An avant-garde art movement, originating in Zurich during World War I, characterized by its rejection of traditional aesthetic values and embrace of absurdity, chance, and provocation as means of artistic expression and social critique.

Question 29

Readymades

Answer 29

Everyday objects selected and designated as art by an artist, often with minimal or no alteration, challenging traditional notions of artistic skill and originality.

Question 30

Surrealism

Answer 30

An artistic and literary movement, founded by André Breton in the 1920s, which sought to express the unconscious mind and explore the realm of dreams, fantasy, and the irrational through techniques such as automatism and juxtaposition of unlikely elements.

Question 31

Automatism

Answer 31

A technique of spontaneous or unconscious drawing or writing, often associated with Surrealism, in which the artist allows their hand to move freely across the page, bypassing conscious control to access deeper levels of creativity.

Question 32

Frottage

Answer 32

A technique of rubbing a pencil or other drawing tool over a textured surface to create a pattern or texture, often used by Surrealist artists such as Max Ernst to evoke the randomness and unpredictability of natural forms.

Question 33

Grattage

Answer 33

A technique of scraping or scratching away layers of paint from a canvas to reveal underlying textures or patterns, often used by artists such as Joan Miró and Max Ernst to create spontaneous and expressive effects.

Question 34

Biomorphic

Answer 34

Describing forms or shapes that resemble living organisms or natural objects, often used in art to evoke a sense of organic growth or transformation.

Question 35

Cartoon

Answer 35

A humorous or satirical drawing or illustration, often with exaggerated or caricatured features, typically used in newspapers, magazines, and animation.

Question 36

Kinetic

Answer 36

Relating to or characterized by movement, especially in art or sculpture where elements are designed to move or appear to move, often in response to air currents, mechanical forces, or human interaction.

Question 37

Precisionism

Answer 37

An American art movement of the early 20th century, characterized by its precise, sharply defined forms, geometric compositions, and emphasis on the machine age and industrialization.

Question 38

Mobile

Answer 38

A type of sculpture or artwork consisting of suspended elements that are free to move or rotate, often in response to air currents or mechanical mechanisms.

Question 39

Art Brut

Answer 39

A term coined by French artist Jean Dubuffet to describe art created outside the boundaries of traditional culture and society, often produced by individuals with little or no formal artistic training and characterized by its raw, spontaneous, and uninhibited expression. (insane and children)

Question 40

Avant-garde

Answer 40

A term used to describe artists or artistic movements that are innovative, experimental, or ahead of their time, often challenging established norms and conventions.

Question 41

Action painting

Answer 41

A style of abstract painting associated with the Abstract Expressionist movement, in which paint is spontaneously dripped, poured, or splattered onto the canvas to create dynamic, gestural compositions.

Question 42

Gesturalism

Answer 42

A style of painting characterized by bold, expressive brushwork and gestural marks that convey the artist’s emotions, energy, and physical movements.

Question 43

Happening

Answer 43

A form of performance art, popularized in the 1960s, in which artists staged spontaneous, often unscripted events or interventions in public spaces, inviting audience participation and blurring the boundaries between art and everyday life.

Question 44

Performance Art

Answer 44

An art form in which artists use their bodies, actions, and presence as the medium or subject of their work, often exploring themes of identity, politics, and the relationship between artist and audience.

Question 45

Encaustic

Answer 45

A painting technique in which pigments are mixed with hot wax and applied to a surface, often a wooden panel, which is then reheated to fuse the paint layers, creating a rich, translucent surface.

Question 46

Pop Art

Answer 46

An art movement of the 1950s and 1960s, originating in Britain and the United States, which celebrated popular culture, consumerism, and mass media imagery through the use of bold colors, appropriated imagery, and techniques borrowed from commercial art and advertising.

Question 47

Benday dots

Answer 47

Small, uniform dots used in printing to create shading or tone by varying the density or spacing of the dots, often associated with the Pop Art movement and the work of artists such as Roy Lichtenstein

Question 48

Diptych

Answer 48

A work of art consisting of two panels or sections, usually hinged together, often used in painting and sculpture to create a unified composition or to depict related subjects or themes.

Question 49

Op Art

Answer 49

An art movement of the 1960s, characterized by the use of geometric shapes, precise patterns, and optical illusions to create effects of movement, depth, and visual ambiguity, often intended to engage the viewer’s perception and senses.

Question 50

Post-Painterly Abstraction

Answer 50

A term coined by art critic Clement Greenberg to describe a style of abstract painting that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s, characterized by its emphasis on color, shape, and surface qualities, often with a focus on clarity, simplicity, and formal rigor.

Question 51

Value

Answer 51

The relative lightness or darkness of a color or tone, ranging from white (high value) to black (low value), often used in painting and drawing to create contrast, depth, and form.

Question 52

Hues

Answer 52

Pure colors on the color wheel, without any added black or white, such as red, blue, or yellow.

Question 53

Minimalism

Answer 53

An art movement of the 1960s and 1970s, characterized by extreme simplicity and a reduction of form to essential elements, often employing geometric shapes, monochromatic color schemes, and industrial materials.

Question 54

Conceptual Art

Answer 54

An art movement of the 1960s and 1970s, in which the concept or idea behind the artwork is considered more important than the finished product, often taking the form of text, instructions, or documentation rather than traditional art objects.

Question 55

Warp:

Answer 55

In weaving, the threads that run lengthwise on a loom and are crossed by the weft threads to create fabric.

Question 56

Weft:

Answer 56

In weaving, the threads that run horizontally across the warp threads on a loom and are woven over and under them to create fabric

Question 56

Postmodernism

Answer 56

A broad cultural and intellectual movement of the late 20th century, characterized by skepticism toward grand narratives, authority, and tradition, and an embrace of plurality, diversity, and irony, often expressed in art through pastiche, appropriation, and deconstruction of cultural norms and conventions.

Question 57

Earthworks

Answer 57

Large-scale outdoor artworks or environmental sculptures created by shaping and manipulating the landscape itself, often using natural materials such as earth, rocks, and vegetation.

Question 58

Site-specific sculpture

Answer 58

Sculpture designed to be installed in a particular location or environment, often integrated with its surroundings or designed to interact with the architectural, natural, or social context of the site.

Question 59

Super Realism

Answer 59

A style of painting and sculpture, also known as Photorealism or Hyperrealism, characterized by its meticulous attention to detail and precise rendering of subjects, often based on photographs or direct observation.

Question 60

Appropriate

Answer 60

In art, to borrow or take elements, images, or objects from existing sources and incorporate them into one’s own work, often with transformative or critical intent.

Question 61

Neo-Expressionism

Answer 61

An art movement of the late 20th century, characterized by a return to expressive, emotive painting styles, often with bold colors, gestural brushwork, and a focus on personal, psychological themes.

Question 62

Trompe l’oeil:

Answer 62

A painting or technique that creates a realistic illusion of three-dimensional space or objects, often so convincing that it appears to deceive the eye (trompe l’oeil means “deceive the eye” in French)

Question 63

Digital art

Answer 63

Artwork created or manipulated using digital technology, such as computers, software, and digital imaging tools, encompassing a wide range of styles and techniques including digital painting, animation, and interactive installations.

Question 64

Multiculturalism

Answer 64

The coexistence of multiple cultural traditions within a single society or community, often celebrated and embraced as a source of diversity, enrichment, and cross-cultural exchange

Question 64

Diversity

Answer 64

The presence of a wide range of different identities, backgrounds, perspectives, and experiences within a group, community, or society, often valued and promoted for its contributions to creativity, innovation, and inclusivity.

Question 65

Constructivism

Answer 65

An art movement founded in Russia in the early 20th century, which emphasized the use of industrial materials, geometric forms, and abstract compositions to create artworks that reflected the principles of modern technology, social progress, and collective construction.

Question 66

Deconstructivist Architecture

Answer 66

An architectural style or movement, associated with architects such as Frank Gehry and Zaha Hadid, characterized by its fragmented, non-linear forms, asymmetrical compositions, and deconstruction of traditional architectural conventions and spatial boundaries.

Question 67

Passage

Answer 67

In art, a term used to describe the movement or flow of visual elements within a composition, often creating a sense of rhythm, progression, or spatial depth.

Question 68

Direct metal sculpture

Answer 68

A sculptural technique in which metal, such as steel or aluminum, is manipulated and shaped directly by cutting, welding, forging, or other methods, often resulting in abstract or geometric forms.