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BIOL480 - Immunology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is overproduced due to TSI mimicry of TSHs and binding to TSHRs leading to hyperthyroidism?

A

T3 and T4

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2
Q

Which interleukin stimulates production of TSHRs, greatly enhancing thyroid hormone secretion?

A

IL-6

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3
Q

What is the name of the hypothesis that describes a 5 amino acid sequence that is found in most people with rheumatoid arthritis?

A

shared epitope

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4
Q

What are the two subsets of helper T cells produced by individuals with the shared epitope?

A

Th1 and Th17

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5
Q

According to the dual-allergen exposure hypothesis, which of the following situations would most likely lead to development of allergies?

A

Early skin exposure, low dosage

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6
Q

Dupilumab can prevent or reduce allergy symptoms by blocking the action of which cytokines?

A

IL-4 and IL-13

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7
Q

What cell surface component(s) dictate whether a particular superantigen can stimulate a specific T-cell?

A

MHC II alpha-chain, T-cell/APC costimulatory molecules, and TCR V-beta region

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8
Q

Which of the following is a superantigen-induced effect?

A

All of the above: Large-scale T-cell proliferation, hampered host-coordinated immune response, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines

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9
Q

Which immune cells are recruited by the chemokine eotaxin and contribute to airway inflammation in asthma?

A

Eosinophils

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10
Q

Which of the following cytokines produced by Th2 cells is primarily responsible for promoting IgE production in asthma?

A

IL-4

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11
Q

Which of the following is NOT a main organ affected by acute GVHD?

A

Kidneys

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12
Q

Depletion of what donor cells before transplantation can help to prevent or decrease the severity of GVHD?

A

T cells

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13
Q

Which condition is characterized by acute reactions such as vomiting and lethargy?

A

Food Protein-induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES)

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14
Q

What alterations in metabolic pathways are associated with food intolerance?

A

Amino acid metabolism

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15
Q

What is the IL involved in homeostasis and the survival of memory CD8+ T cells?

A

IL-15

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16
Q

Mutation on which co-receptor leads to a lower viral load in non-progressors?

A

CCR5

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17
Q

The phenomenon termed a “full house” involves several immune related molecules. These include:

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, C1q, and C3

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18
Q

You have been diagnosed with class II lupus nephritis and your doctor has written you a script for a medicated treatment course. Which of the following is likely the medication you have been prescribed?

A

Glucocorticoids

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19
Q

What disease does Porphyromonas gingivalis cause?

A

Periodontitis

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20
Q

How does P. gingivalis evade phagocytosis?

A

Degrades C3 and C5

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21
Q

In cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia, the IgM antibodies will bind to ___ receptors in the liver, which will lead to the activation of the classical complement pathway.

A

C1q

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22
Q

___ is hypothesized to play a vital role in the development of AIHA from COVID-19.

A

CD147

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23
Q

Which of the following in the presence of tumor cells can NOT upregulate the expression of CD47 to evade immune system mechanisms?

A

Immunoglobulins

24
Q

Tumor cells exploit the inhibitory receptors CTLA-4 and PD-1 by ___

A

Increase receptor expression

25
Q

What is one region that is that current research is targeting with universal flu vaccines?

A

Conserved regions that are similar in most influenza strains

26
Q

What is one reason antigenic drift can pose a problem for vaccine researchers?

A

It can cause some incorrect predictions regarding the flu strains prevalent in a flu season, causing low vaccine effectiveness even if the vaccine is effective against the other strains present

27
Q

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by HIV to avoid detection by the host immune system?

A

Suppression of CD8+ T cells

28
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for the high mutation rate in HIV?

A

Reverse transcriptase

29
Q

Mutations in JAK3 signaling results in a T-B+NK- SCID. Which two interleukins are required for proper T-cell and NK-cell development?

A

IL-7 and IL-15

30
Q

What does thymopoiesis do?

A

Turns thymocytes into mature T cells according to selection

31
Q

Where is Epinephrine made? How does it inhibit a severe allergic response?

A

Adrenal medulla; it dilates the airway and increases blood pressure

32
Q

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) have an anti-inflammatory effect. Which cytokines would Cortisol most likely block?

A

TNF-alpha and IL-1

33
Q

What is the outcome of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis?

A

Fibrosis – Downregulation of T4 and T3

34
Q

Which type of T cells are responsible for attacking the Thyroid?

A

SP CD4+, TH

35
Q

Where is RAG1/2 in invertebrate deuterostomes used?

A

Unknown use

36
Q

For what species did the second “big bang” of immunity occur?

A

Gnathostomes

37
Q

The destruction of which type of pancreatic islet cell is associated with type 1 diabetes?

A

beta cells

38
Q

Select all that apply: Which of the following are autoantigens associated with autoimmune diabetes?

A

Insulin, GAD-65, and IA-2

39
Q

Increasing CTLA-4 via belatacept treatment would most directly result in which of the following?

A

Decreased T cell activation

40
Q

Which cell type is being used in cell therapy to decrease the immune response against transplants?

A

Tregs

41
Q

What physical feature must immune cells be able to migrate through to cause symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis?

A

Blood-brain barrier

42
Q

How is the experimental allergic encephalomyelitis model (EAE) model induced in mice to represent Multiple Sclerosis (MS) pathology?

A

A myelin-peptide antigen is injected into mice, causing an autoimmune response to myelin on their own neurons

43
Q

An allergic reaction that results in anaphylaxis, hives, and occurs immediately after ingestion of the allergen would best be described as?

A

IgE-mediated

44
Q

Oral tolerance induction is a process most commonly used in babies and young children. Which definition best describes oral tolerance induction?

A

Prevents the development of food allergens, using repeated and continuous exposure to food allergens only

45
Q

How long do memory cells last for?

A

Decades

46
Q

What are some strategies to help combat the ineffectiveness of vaccines for the elderly?

A

All of the above: The use of higher antigen doses, administration of booster injections, the use of more immunogenic adjuvants, and the use of senolytic and immunomodulatory drugs

47
Q

Which vitamin(s) have antioxidant properties and ROS scavenger abilities?

A

Vitamin C and Vitamin E

48
Q

Which vitamin promotes high Treg cell differentiation?

A

Vitamin D

49
Q

What is the primary characteristic of obesity, according to the paper?

A

Accumulation of excessive fat due to caloric imbalance

50
Q

How does obesity affect adipose tissue immune regulation?

A

It disrupts the balance of adipokines, leading to an inflammatory state

51
Q

Which of these describes a procedure where tissues or organs of one species is transplanted onto or into another species?

A

Xenotransplantation

52
Q

Which are types of xenograft rejection?

A

All of the above: Hyperacute rejection (HAR), Delayed xenograft rejection (DXR), Humoral xenograft rejection (HXR), Cellular xenograft rejection (CXR)

53
Q

What part of the cell is permeabilized, an event that leads to cytotoxic molecules rushing into the cytosol and the subsequent activation of caspases to further drive apoptotic events?

A

Outer mitochondrial membrane

54
Q

What pro-apoptotic genes must be repressed to facilitate memory B cell differentiation?

A

BIM

55
Q

Which displays the correct order of how the immune system responds to a vaccination?

A

Recognition of antigens, activation and proliferation of B and T cells, B cells differentiate into plasma cells, plasma cells produce antibodies, memory cells are generated

56
Q

Which is an example of an immune response when vaccinations are halted?

A

Slower CD4 cell-count increases

BIOL480 - Immunology (2 decks)

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