Exam 4 Flashcards
What is overproduced due to TSI mimicry of TSHs and binding to TSHRs leading to hyperthyroidism?
T3 and T4
Which interleukin stimulates production of TSHRs, greatly enhancing thyroid hormone secretion?
IL-6
What is the name of the hypothesis that describes a 5 amino acid sequence that is found in most people with rheumatoid arthritis?
shared epitope
What are the two subsets of helper T cells produced by individuals with the shared epitope?
Th1 and Th17
According to the dual-allergen exposure hypothesis, which of the following situations would most likely lead to development of allergies?
Early skin exposure, low dosage
Dupilumab can prevent or reduce allergy symptoms by blocking the action of which cytokines?
IL-4 and IL-13
What cell surface component(s) dictate whether a particular superantigen can stimulate a specific T-cell?
MHC II alpha-chain, T-cell/APC costimulatory molecules, and TCR V-beta region
Which of the following is a superantigen-induced effect?
All of the above: Large-scale T-cell proliferation, hampered host-coordinated immune response, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines
Which immune cells are recruited by the chemokine eotaxin and contribute to airway inflammation in asthma?
Eosinophils
Which of the following cytokines produced by Th2 cells is primarily responsible for promoting IgE production in asthma?
IL-4
Which of the following is NOT a main organ affected by acute GVHD?
Kidneys
Depletion of what donor cells before transplantation can help to prevent or decrease the severity of GVHD?
T cells
Which condition is characterized by acute reactions such as vomiting and lethargy?
Food Protein-induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES)
What alterations in metabolic pathways are associated with food intolerance?
Amino acid metabolism
What is the IL involved in homeostasis and the survival of memory CD8+ T cells?
IL-15
Mutation on which co-receptor leads to a lower viral load in non-progressors?
CCR5
The phenomenon termed a “full house” involves several immune related molecules. These include:
IgG, IgA, IgM, C1q, and C3
You have been diagnosed with class II lupus nephritis and your doctor has written you a script for a medicated treatment course. Which of the following is likely the medication you have been prescribed?
Glucocorticoids
What disease does Porphyromonas gingivalis cause?
Periodontitis
How does P. gingivalis evade phagocytosis?
Degrades C3 and C5
In cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia, the IgM antibodies will bind to ___ receptors in the liver, which will lead to the activation of the classical complement pathway.
C1q
___ is hypothesized to play a vital role in the development of AIHA from COVID-19.
CD147
Which of the following in the presence of tumor cells can NOT upregulate the expression of CD47 to evade immune system mechanisms?
Immunoglobulins
Tumor cells exploit the inhibitory receptors CTLA-4 and PD-1 by ___
Increase receptor expression
What is one region that is that current research is targeting with universal flu vaccines?
Conserved regions that are similar in most influenza strains
What is one reason antigenic drift can pose a problem for vaccine researchers?
It can cause some incorrect predictions regarding the flu strains prevalent in a flu season, causing low vaccine effectiveness even if the vaccine is effective against the other strains present
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by HIV to avoid detection by the host immune system?
Suppression of CD8+ T cells
Which enzyme is responsible for the high mutation rate in HIV?
Reverse transcriptase
Mutations in JAK3 signaling results in a T-B+NK- SCID. Which two interleukins are required for proper T-cell and NK-cell development?
IL-7 and IL-15
What does thymopoiesis do?
Turns thymocytes into mature T cells according to selection
Where is Epinephrine made? How does it inhibit a severe allergic response?
Adrenal medulla; it dilates the airway and increases blood pressure
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) have an anti-inflammatory effect. Which cytokines would Cortisol most likely block?
TNF-alpha and IL-1
What is the outcome of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis?
Fibrosis – Downregulation of T4 and T3
Which type of T cells are responsible for attacking the Thyroid?
SP CD4+, TH
Where is RAG1/2 in invertebrate deuterostomes used?
Unknown use
For what species did the second “big bang” of immunity occur?
Gnathostomes
The destruction of which type of pancreatic islet cell is associated with type 1 diabetes?
beta cells
Select all that apply: Which of the following are autoantigens associated with autoimmune diabetes?
Insulin, GAD-65, and IA-2
Increasing CTLA-4 via belatacept treatment would most directly result in which of the following?
Decreased T cell activation
Which cell type is being used in cell therapy to decrease the immune response against transplants?
Tregs
What physical feature must immune cells be able to migrate through to cause symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis?
Blood-brain barrier
How is the experimental allergic encephalomyelitis model (EAE) model induced in mice to represent Multiple Sclerosis (MS) pathology?
A myelin-peptide antigen is injected into mice, causing an autoimmune response to myelin on their own neurons
An allergic reaction that results in anaphylaxis, hives, and occurs immediately after ingestion of the allergen would best be described as?
IgE-mediated
Oral tolerance induction is a process most commonly used in babies and young children. Which definition best describes oral tolerance induction?
Prevents the development of food allergens, using repeated and continuous exposure to food allergens only
How long do memory cells last for?
Decades
What are some strategies to help combat the ineffectiveness of vaccines for the elderly?
All of the above: The use of higher antigen doses, administration of booster injections, the use of more immunogenic adjuvants, and the use of senolytic and immunomodulatory drugs
Which vitamin(s) have antioxidant properties and ROS scavenger abilities?
Vitamin C and Vitamin E
Which vitamin promotes high Treg cell differentiation?
Vitamin D
What is the primary characteristic of obesity, according to the paper?
Accumulation of excessive fat due to caloric imbalance
How does obesity affect adipose tissue immune regulation?
It disrupts the balance of adipokines, leading to an inflammatory state
Which of these describes a procedure where tissues or organs of one species is transplanted onto or into another species?
Xenotransplantation
Which are types of xenograft rejection?
All of the above: Hyperacute rejection (HAR), Delayed xenograft rejection (DXR), Humoral xenograft rejection (HXR), Cellular xenograft rejection (CXR)
What part of the cell is permeabilized, an event that leads to cytotoxic molecules rushing into the cytosol and the subsequent activation of caspases to further drive apoptotic events?
Outer mitochondrial membrane
What pro-apoptotic genes must be repressed to facilitate memory B cell differentiation?
BIM
Which displays the correct order of how the immune system responds to a vaccination?
Recognition of antigens, activation and proliferation of B and T cells, B cells differentiate into plasma cells, plasma cells produce antibodies, memory cells are generated
Which is an example of an immune response when vaccinations are halted?
Slower CD4 cell-count increases
