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Anthropology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is down-the-line exchange?

A

each village is independent and trade a little bit of what they have with their immediate neighbors

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2
Q

What is central place distribution?

A

resources flow into a central place in bulk where they are distributed in smaller amounts to surrounding areas

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3
Q

Decentralized Political Organization

A

bands and tribes
no specialized political officials
no central authority
egalitarian; equal access to social rewards
achieved status

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4
Q

Centralized Political Organization

A

chiefdoms and states
specialized political officials, offices
rank or stratified systems of inequality
ascribed status

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5
Q

How are decisions made in decentralized political systems?

A

village head: very limited authority, local, can only influence decisions

big men: limited authority, regional influence based on wealth and prestige

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6
Q

How are decisions made in centralized political systems?

A

chiefs and heads of state: permanent offices with absolute authority and power

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7
Q

How is control maintained in centralized systems?

A

constituent hierarchy: control is conceded into an individual or office
social relationships
prestige
hegemony

coercive hierarchy: control is maintained through the threat/use of violence
kin-based defense group
standing military
police

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8
Q

How is control maintained in decentralized systems?

A

witchcraft, sorcery, and shame
informal social control resists consolidation of power
maintains egalitarian systems

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9
Q

Scalar Stress Models (Push Model)

A

states regulate complex information

people are pushed into positions of leadership for everyone’s benefit

hydraulic systems
regional trade

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10
Q

Conflict Models (Pull Model)

A

states consolidate control over resources

people are pulled into positions of leadership, co-opting labor and resources

population growth: need for intensive use of resources
war/conflict: strategy to consolidate power over large territories
environmental circumscription: prevents group dispersal, creates social stratification

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11
Q

What are underdeveloped countries victims of?

A

poor soil
bad climate
overpopulation
lack of education
lack of resources
war
political instability

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12
Q

What does the UN Human Development Index measure?

A

per capita income
life expectancy
education levels
infant mortality rates

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13
Q

What is Modernization Theory?

A

the developed world lifted themselves out of poverty via modern technology, ideas, and institutions

the underdeveloped world remains in poverty because they haven’t modernized

solution: modernization (development)

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14
Q

What is World Systems Theory?

A

poverty and inequality began as core (industrial) nations exploited peripheral countries for cheap, raw materials and labor

it’s not that poor countries are underdeveloped, it’s that they were underdeveloped

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15
Q

During the 1400s, how did the developed and underdeveloped communities look different than today?

A

Indigenous communities in the 1400s were some of the most developed at the time, meanwhile Europe was in the Dark Ages

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16
Q

What happens between 1453-1800?

A

the emergence of a world economic system; created an industrialized core and an underdeveloped periphery

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17
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

the belief that your cultural values and practices are superior when compared to those of another

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18
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

cultures need to be understood in their own terms, not according to the ideals of civilization; you have to understand the values, norms, and meanings people attach to their practices

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19
Q

Ethnography

A

a study of a particular culture; a written book/article about a particular culture

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20
Q

Archaeological Context

A

preserved archaeological record
static
present
observable

21
Q

Systemic Context

A

actual past human behavior
dynamic
past
unobservable

22
Q

Symbolic Consciousness

A

information able to be stored outside of the human brain

23
Q

Generalized Reciprocity

A

How people share things with no regard for their value or interest in compensation; The primary mechanism of exchange among foragers

24
Q

Paleolithic

A

the old stone age, characterized by the creation and use of stone tools

25
Q

Foraging

A

a mode of subsistence defined by its reliance on wild plant and animal food resources already available in the environment

26
Q

Neolithic

A

the period of human culture that began around 10,000 years ago in the Middle East and later in other parts of the world

characterized by the beginning of farming, the domestication of animals, the development of crafts such as pottery and weaving, and the making of polished stone tools

27
Q

Horticulture

A

low intensity subsistence farming designed to minimize the risk of crop failure through field rotations, diverse crop complexes, and genetic diversity

28
Q

Unilineal Descent

A

tracing an individual’s kinship through a single gendered line

29
Q

What are the 4 Subfields of Anthropology?

A

archaeology
biological anthropology
cultural anthropology
linguistic anthropology

30
Q

What changes occur in human society after the Neolithic (Agricultural) Revolution?

A

degenerative health conditions
more violent trauma
lower adult life span
increased child mortality
women rarely survive child-bearing years
square structures for houses
burials in house floors

31
Q

How does anthropology use inductive (ethnography) and deductive (scientific) methods to study humanity?

A

when using scientific methods to study humanity, anthropologists propose theories that lead to observations. on the other hand, when using ethnographic methods, the observations are what lead to the theory.

32
Q

How do the 4 sub-fields in Anthropology combine to provide a holistic study of humanity?

A

the main tenet of holism is that societies should be studied as a whole, utilizing all forms of anthropology. by using all four approaches that the subfields provide, we are able to understand individual members of a culture, the social structure of communities that live in certain cultures, and the culture itself.

33
Q

Archaeology

A

studies the remains of past human cultures

34
Q

Biological Anthropology

A

studies humans from a biological perspective with a focus on primatology and human origins

includes forensic anthropology as well

35
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

studies contemporary human societies

conduct ethnographies and ethnologies

36
Q

Linguistic Anthropology

A

studies the relationship between language and culture including the diversity of human languages and the social patterns that affect language use

37
Q

What type of practice is global development?

A

top-down

38
Q

What are the problems with top-down development?

A

ignores local knowledge, values, and concerns
aid favors large projects with clear benefits to the donor country
impersonal and are often resisted

39
Q

What are features of the colonial experience?

A

forced to switch from food crops to cash crops
takeover of land by non-natives
distorted control of trade (marketing boards)

40
Q

What are the myths of global poverty?

A

all poverty is not the same
poverty is lived and experienced locally, not globally

41
Q

What are the results of Modernization Theory?

A

under-differentiation: tendency to view all impoverished countries as being similar

over-innovation: too much change creates other problems

42
Q

What is the anthropological approach to development?

A

bottom-up

this approach helps avoid under-differentiation and over-innovation

43
Q

What are key features of a bottom-up approach to development?

A

partners with local peoples to improve success
builds upon, rather than changes, social structures
creates more direct benefits to the impoverished

44
Q

What is ethnicity?

A

a group of people emphasizing a common heritage (language, history, geography, religion, etc)

both something that is self-selected and something that is placed upon us
fluid, context-dependent, and ties people together
formed during the struggle for resources

45
Q

What are structural inequalities?

A

unequal access to ________ on the basis of impersonal and exploitative power relationships between broad categories of people in society

employment
education
housing
healthcare
income
safety
etc

46
Q

Strategies of Inclusion (Us)

A

origin myths, shared rituals and festivals, food, dress

promotes group solidarity
creates imagined communities

47
Q

Strategies of Exclusion (Them)

A

ethnic boundary markers

creates “the other”

48
Q

Nations (Imagined Communities)

A

imagined to be limited and sovereign

imagined camaraderie even though we don’t all know each other

Anthropology (4 decks)

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