Exam 4 Flashcards
What does khoomei mean?
refers to use of throat muscles for singing; producing two pitches at once; western mongolian
What is the use of khoomei tradition?
imitation of animal sounds; ritualistic; connects to nature
How do scholars describe harmony and timbre of khoomei?
British scholars: split tones; throat singing; overtone in melodic styles w/double vowels
German: chanting; harmonic singing; uses throat
Russian: overtone singing/throat singing
French: chant overtone/split voice
How do descriptions differ from Central Asia description of khoomei?
rooted in culture/tradition; connects to natural environment/geo; traditional customs of area
How has khoomei been explained through lens of the human mouth anatomical structure?
resonant sounds through air movement; can be amplifed w/ location change (nasal cavity/ mouth cavity, etc).
connects khoomei to anatomy of vocal processes and human body
What is the importance of the intersection of linguistic and cultural studies when defining khoomei?
requires more comprehensive approaches; more interdisciplinary; attract scholars results in better collaboration (= broader understanding)
What wind instruments were prevelant across the western hemisphere before European contact? Longevity of these instruments?
Panpies; vanished in North American by 1700
Flutes; continued to spread and evolve
How did introduction of horses by europeans affect areas where flutes were played?
broadened area; courting fliute spreads outwards from Great plains w/ expansion of Horse Cultures
What is the courting flute?
wooden block flute; spread from great plains results in use for courtship across locations
Where was the river cane flute primarily found? how did its contruction and contextualization differ from courting flute?
block flute; split and hallowed river cane; non-courting; southwest woodlands
In what contexts were flutes used in different regions of pre-contact North America?
Great plains; courtship
Northeast: cured rituals
used by travelers as signals of peace; ceremonial and cultural contrast varies among tribes; showcases versatility and cultural importance
What was the contruction process of these flutes? What was the typical tuning system?
split stick; hollow out and added holes; tuned based on measurements of maker; no specific pitch
What were the two most common flute styles? What is the symbolism of the Birds Head Flutes?
-undecorated styles
-symbolizes male power/ feminine waterfowl bird as symbol for positive future
How has the practice of playing the flute culturally significant in Lakota society?
man had to win heart of women to court; plays song outside of home, sings melody; and if good enough the women falls in love
What led to the decline of flute performance traditions during the post-reservation era?
practices of courtship by flute no longer supported by societal changes
Who were the two major players in flute performance on the plains during the post-reservation era? What were their roles?
Richard fool bull: lakota flute maker; sold instruments to tourists to support himself
Belo Cozad: flute player of kiowa people; culture bearer; toured and told stories at indian affair schools
How did Doc Tate Nevaquaya and Doc Richard Payne contribute to the revival of the Native Flue playing tradition?
Payne gave Nevaquaya flute to play in 1967; researched native flute traditions
Neva toured/recorded albums
What inspired the new songs created during the revival of the Native flute-playing tradition? How did these inspirations differ from earlier Native flute practices?
programmatic music inspired by nature/spirituality; spired by weather, landscape, relationships; opens door for instrument to be seen in new light
What distinctions did ethnomusicologist Pauline Tuttle create for understanding Native flutes and flute performance?
through usage of specific terms
American indian flute: old style instruments tune to physical dimensions of maker
native american flute: instruments made to play in western diatonic system
What questions arise regarding appropriation and representation of Native Flute traditions in contemporary contexts?
why non native people are drawn to traditional instrument played out of tradition
concepts of ownership, respect, authenticity, etc
How does the author describe the impact of climatr change on the Marshall islands? What challenges do the Marshallese people face?
climate changes threatens to submerge islands; loss of land/homes; identity loss; disruption of tradition and culture
What is the significance of the term climate refugees? How does it relate to the people of pacific island nations?
people forced to leave due to climate change
pacific islands being most vulnerable like Tuvalu and Marshall islands
How do pacific islands, especially Tuvalu, view discussions of climate change and migration? What arguments do they make against being labeled as climate refugees?
pacific island people perceived as helpess;passive
migrations vs. mitigation; migration could mean loss of identity
How does the preservation of music and cultural traditions in Tuvalu relate to the broader discussion of climate change and cultural sustainability?
music traditions endangered with little support; important for sustaining identity, culture, tradition
How did the Tuvalu: Pacific project aim to address the challenges faced by Tuvalu, and what were the outcomes?
addresses endangerment/preservation of culture; awareness of culture heritage; collaboration between indigenous artists and researchers; preservation of traditional music recordings
What is whanaungatanga? How did it help shape the approach to research and conversation efforts in the Tuvalu: pacific project?
term referring to importance of relationships and connection in community; shapes conservation efforts; music & culture preservation
How does the author think that we should rethink the problem of climate change and globalization for pacific islands?
conservation efforts for music and culture in Pacific islands can be effective, sustainable, and culturally sensitive
How has the understanding of Rapa Nui’s history changed over time? Why is it important for the island’s culture?
questions if Rapa Nui settlers were polynesian origins; CONFIRMED
island history informs narrative of settlement and cultural change
Rapa Nui as chilean territory since 188
How do Rapa Nui’s music and dance help them express their cultural identity despite being under Chilean influence?
reflects polynesian roots; cultural distinctiveness; tradtional songs/dances celebrate heritage - reinforcing cultural identity
How has Chilean government influenced Rapa Nui’s culture and language?
spanish taught in school; used as offical communication; chilean culture influence through media and pop culture impact expression/practice
what efforts are being made to preserve Rapa Nui’s indigenous language and culture?
advocates for Rapa nui culture developing mechanisms for preservation; through youth culture
How has music and dance contributed to the cultural revival of Rapa nui?
traditions embedded in peformance; ancient language in song/chant; music plays role in social events, ceremonies, tourist shows
What roles did music play in precontact Rapa Nui society? what influences have shaped their music?
fulfilled educative/ceremonial roles; used for transmission of oral tradition; incorporates rock elements into music by North American troops
What is the signifiance of Matato’a? What is the group’s primary goal? how did they achieve this goal?
goal to promote and preserve culture through music; contemporary ensemble; blends traditional/modern instruments; appeals to all audience; maintain connection to cultural roots
What are some of the internationalized and localized aspects of their music? how do these aspects contribute to the group’s success?
Internationalized: guitar, harmonica; reggae; rock band backing
localized: rapa nui language; traditional song/text; use of body paint and choreographic routines
How has the group’s music evolved over time, and what impact has it had on Rapa nui’s cultural identity?
Evolved from traditional to fusion of traditional/modern influences helps to preserve while adapting to broader audience; provides platform for cultural expression and appreciation of Rapa Nui culture
