Exam 4

Question 1

What does khoomei mean?

Answer 1

refers to use of throat muscles for singing; producing two pitches at once; western mongolian

Question 2

What is the use of khoomei tradition?

Answer 2

imitation of animal sounds; ritualistic; connects to nature

Question 3

How do scholars describe harmony and timbre of khoomei?

Answer 3

British scholars: split tones; throat singing; overtone in melodic styles w/double vowels

German: chanting; harmonic singing; uses throat

Russian: overtone singing/throat singing

French: chant overtone/split voice

Question 4

How do descriptions differ from Central Asia description of khoomei?

Answer 4

rooted in culture/tradition; connects to natural environment/geo; traditional customs of area

Question 5

How has khoomei been explained through lens of the human mouth anatomical structure?

Answer 5

resonant sounds through air movement; can be amplifed w/ location change (nasal cavity/ mouth cavity, etc).

connects khoomei to anatomy of vocal processes and human body

Question 6

What is the importance of the intersection of linguistic and cultural studies when defining khoomei?

Answer 6

requires more comprehensive approaches; more interdisciplinary; attract scholars results in better collaboration (= broader understanding)

Question 7

What wind instruments were prevelant across the western hemisphere before European contact? Longevity of these instruments?

Answer 7

Panpies; vanished in North American by 1700
Flutes; continued to spread and evolve

Question 8

How did introduction of horses by europeans affect areas where flutes were played?

Answer 8

broadened area; courting fliute spreads outwards from Great plains w/ expansion of Horse Cultures

Question 9

What is the courting flute?

Answer 9

wooden block flute; spread from great plains results in use for courtship across locations

Question 10

Where was the river cane flute primarily found? how did its contruction and contextualization differ from courting flute?

Answer 10

block flute; split and hallowed river cane; non-courting; southwest woodlands

Question 11

In what contexts were flutes used in different regions of pre-contact North America?

Answer 11

Great plains; courtship
Northeast: cured rituals
used by travelers as signals of peace; ceremonial and cultural contrast varies among tribes; showcases versatility and cultural importance

Question 12

What was the contruction process of these flutes? What was the typical tuning system?

Answer 12

split stick; hollow out and added holes; tuned based on measurements of maker; no specific pitch

Question 13

What were the two most common flute styles? What is the symbolism of the Birds Head Flutes?

Answer 13

-undecorated styles
-symbolizes male power/ feminine waterfowl bird as symbol for positive future

Question 14

How has the practice of playing the flute culturally significant in Lakota society?

Answer 14

man had to win heart of women to court; plays song outside of home, sings melody; and if good enough the women falls in love

Question 15

What led to the decline of flute performance traditions during the post-reservation era?

Answer 15

practices of courtship by flute no longer supported by societal changes

Question 16

Who were the two major players in flute performance on the plains during the post-reservation era? What were their roles?

Answer 16

Richard fool bull: lakota flute maker; sold instruments to tourists to support himself

Belo Cozad: flute player of kiowa people; culture bearer; toured and told stories at indian affair schools

Question 17

How did Doc Tate Nevaquaya and Doc Richard Payne contribute to the revival of the Native Flue playing tradition?

Answer 17

Payne gave Nevaquaya flute to play in 1967; researched native flute traditions
Neva toured/recorded albums

Question 18

What inspired the new songs created during the revival of the Native flute-playing tradition? How did these inspirations differ from earlier Native flute practices?

Answer 18

programmatic music inspired by nature/spirituality; spired by weather, landscape, relationships; opens door for instrument to be seen in new light

Question 19

What distinctions did ethnomusicologist Pauline Tuttle create for understanding Native flutes and flute performance?

Answer 19

through usage of specific terms

American indian flute: old style instruments tune to physical dimensions of maker

native american flute: instruments made to play in western diatonic system

Question 20

What questions arise regarding appropriation and representation of Native Flute traditions in contemporary contexts?

Answer 20

why non native people are drawn to traditional instrument played out of tradition
concepts of ownership, respect, authenticity, etc

Question 21

How does the author describe the impact of climatr change on the Marshall islands? What challenges do the Marshallese people face?

Answer 21

climate changes threatens to submerge islands; loss of land/homes; identity loss; disruption of tradition and culture

Question 22

What is the significance of the term climate refugees? How does it relate to the people of pacific island nations?

Answer 22

people forced to leave due to climate change
pacific islands being most vulnerable like Tuvalu and Marshall islands

Question 23

How do pacific islands, especially Tuvalu, view discussions of climate change and migration? What arguments do they make against being labeled as climate refugees?

Answer 23

pacific island people perceived as helpess;passive
migrations vs. mitigation; migration could mean loss of identity

Question 24

How does the preservation of music and cultural traditions in Tuvalu relate to the broader discussion of climate change and cultural sustainability?

Answer 24

music traditions endangered with little support; important for sustaining identity, culture, tradition

Question 25

How did the Tuvalu: Pacific project aim to address the challenges faced by Tuvalu, and what were the outcomes?

Answer 25

addresses endangerment/preservation of culture; awareness of culture heritage; collaboration between indigenous artists and researchers; preservation of traditional music recordings

Question 26

What is whanaungatanga? How did it help shape the approach to research and conversation efforts in the Tuvalu: pacific project?

Answer 26

term referring to importance of relationships and connection in community; shapes conservation efforts; music & culture preservation

Question 27

How does the author think that we should rethink the problem of climate change and globalization for pacific islands?

Answer 27

conservation efforts for music and culture in Pacific islands can be effective, sustainable, and culturally sensitive

Question 28

How has the understanding of Rapa Nui’s history changed over time? Why is it important for the island’s culture?

Answer 28

questions if Rapa Nui settlers were polynesian origins; CONFIRMED
island history informs narrative of settlement and cultural change
Rapa Nui as chilean territory since 188

Question 29

How do Rapa Nui’s music and dance help them express their cultural identity despite being under Chilean influence?

Answer 29

reflects polynesian roots; cultural distinctiveness; tradtional songs/dances celebrate heritage - reinforcing cultural identity

Question 30

How has Chilean government influenced Rapa Nui’s culture and language?

Answer 30

spanish taught in school; used as offical communication; chilean culture influence through media and pop culture impact expression/practice

Question 31

what efforts are being made to preserve Rapa Nui’s indigenous language and culture?

Answer 31

advocates for Rapa nui culture developing mechanisms for preservation; through youth culture

Question 32

How has music and dance contributed to the cultural revival of Rapa nui?

Answer 32

traditions embedded in peformance; ancient language in song/chant; music plays role in social events, ceremonies, tourist shows

Question 33

What roles did music play in precontact Rapa Nui society? what influences have shaped their music?

Answer 33

fulfilled educative/ceremonial roles; used for transmission of oral tradition; incorporates rock elements into music by North American troops

Question 34

What is the signifiance of Matato’a? What is the group’s primary goal? how did they achieve this goal?

Answer 34

goal to promote and preserve culture through music; contemporary ensemble; blends traditional/modern instruments; appeals to all audience; maintain connection to cultural roots

Question 35

What are some of the internationalized and localized aspects of their music? how do these aspects contribute to the group’s success?

Answer 35

Internationalized: guitar, harmonica; reggae; rock band backing

localized: rapa nui language; traditional song/text; use of body paint and choreographic routines

Question 36

How has the group’s music evolved over time, and what impact has it had on Rapa nui’s cultural identity?

Answer 36

Evolved from traditional to fusion of traditional/modern influences helps to preserve while adapting to broader audience; provides platform for cultural expression and appreciation of Rapa Nui culture