Exam 4 Flashcards
What are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?
sensorimotor stage 0-2yrs
preoperational stage 2-7yrs
concrete operational stage 7-11yrs
formal operational stage 12+ yrs
What characterizes the development that occurs during the sensorimotor
stage?
children utilize skills and abilities they were born with (such as looking, sucking, grasping, and listening) to learn more about the environment.
What behaviors do these children prefer to perform?
movement, touch, and other early actions such as looking, listening, and sucking
What leads babies to develop depth perception and how is it
tested?
increased adeptness at binocular vision
a visual illusion of a cliff
What is object permanence? What is its significance?
the awareness that the object is still there even if you can’t see them; ex: peek a boo babies think that the person is actually gone. Once understood is a major achievement of the sensorimotor faze
How do we know babies have developed a basic understanding of
physical laws? What are habituation and dishabituation and how
do they relate?
??
What characterizes the development that occurs during the preoperational
stage?
being egocentric; uses imagination during play; can recall events that have happened; having empathy
What is demonstrated by children’s ability to use scale models?
thier use of dual representation
What is egocentrism?
thinking only of oneself
What characterizes the abilities that have developed by the concrete
operational stage?
thinking logically, understanding of cause and effect, reversablily, concentration
What is conservation?
one of Piaget’s developmental accomplishments, in which the child understands that changing the form of a substance or object does not change its amount, overall volume, or mass.
What 2 things lead to difficulties in understanding
conservation in preoperational children?
centration - only being able to focus on one thing at a time; can’t mentally manipulate
egocentrism - unable to take the pov of someone other than themselves
What characterizes the abilities that have developed by the formal operational stage?
abstract thinking; hypothetical outcomes
What are some shortcomings of the Piagetian stages?
too vague, development is seen as continuous but Piagetian saw it as stepping stones
What are Kohlberg’s 3 levels of moral development?
- Pre-conventional
- Conventional
- Post-Conventional
What determines morals in the 2 substages of the preconventional stage?
1st stage = the consequence for an action is punishment, then the action was wrong
2nd stage = the child bases his or her thinking on self-interest and reward.
What determines morals in the 2 substages of the conventional stage?
Stage 3. Good Interpersonal Relationships. The child/individual is good to be seen as being a good person by others. Therefore, answers relate to the approval of others.
Stage 4. Law and Order Morality. The child/individual becomes aware of the wider rules of society, so judgments concern obeying the rules to uphold the law and avoid guilt.
What determines morals in the 2 substages of the postconventional stage?
Stage 5. Social Contract and Individual Rights. The child/individual becomes aware that while rules/laws might exist for the good of the greatest number, there are times when they will work against the interest of particular individuals.
Stage 6. Universal Principles. People at this stage have developed their own set of moral guidelines, which may or may not fit the law. The principles apply to everyone. E.g., human rights, justice, and equality.
What are the 3 attachment styles?
secure, anxious, avoidant
How do children exhibit separation anxiety if they have a secure attachment style?
they show distress when their caregiver leaves the room, but they quickly settle and compose themselves when their caregiver returns. Children with a secure attachment style feel protected by their caregivers and that they can depend upon them.
How do children exhibit separation anxiety if they have an anxious-ambivalent attachment style?
becoming distressed, angry, and throwing a temper tantrum when separated from their caregiver.
How do children exhibit separation anxiety if they have an avoidant attachment style?
manage their own distress and do not strongly signal a need for comfort.
How does the ability to delay gratification developed in children relate to an adult
ability?
academic success, physical health, psychological health, and social competence.
