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EXAM 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Attribution Theory

A

We explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person disposition

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2
Q

Internal vs ______ Factors

A

External

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3
Q

Internal (Situational)

A

caused by something within the person

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4
Q

External (Dispositional)

A

caused by something outside the persons power

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5
Q

Internal (Situational) Example

A

intelligance, personlity and attitude

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6
Q

External (Dispositional) Example

A

group pressure, weather and luck

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7
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

our tendency to overattribute other people’s behaviors to internal rather than external
causes.

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8
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error Example

A

when a person falls we think theyre clumsy but instead their shoe might have been untied

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9
Q

How do we explain our behavior vs. that of others?

A

we reverse the fundamental attribution error. We blame the situation for our failures although we take person credit for our sucess

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10
Q

How does attribution differ across cultures?

A

collectivist cultures emphasize group unity, allegiance, and purpose over the wishes of the individual, and do not make same kids of attributions

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11
Q

Define Attitude

A

feelings often influenced by our beliefs that predispose us to respond in a particular wat to object, people and events

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12
Q

The way we explain someone’s behavior affects how we respond and react

A

someone is trying to cut us off and we could think two ways maybe the person has somewhere to be and we let them cut us off or we think that person is rude and we speed off so they won’t cut us off

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13
Q

Define Persuasion

A

the process of influencing or changing someones beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors through communication

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14
Q

Explain Central Route

A

is rational influencing with evidence and logic

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15
Q

Peripheral Route

A

is by appealing to fears, desires and associations

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16
Q

Central Route example

A

My product has been proven more effective

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17
Q

Peripheral Route Example

A

People who buy my product are happier

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18
Q

Under what conditions do attitudes affect our action most?

A
  1. External influences are minimal 2. The attitudes are stable 3. The attitude is specific to the behavior 4. Attitude is easily recalled
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19
Q

Can attitudes affect actions?

A

Yes

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20
Q

Can actions affect attitudes?

A

Yes

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21
Q

Explain the Foot in the Door phenomenon

A

The tendency to be more likely to agree to a large request after agreeing to a small one

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22
Q

What is meant by a trait in the context of psychology?

A

an enduring quality that makes a person tend to act a certain way

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23
Q

Foot in the door Example

A

You want ask someone for 50$ so first you ask them fro !00$ they’re going to say no because it is a big amount so when you ask fro 50$ it wont seem like a lot and they will say yes

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24
Q

Explain the effects of playing a role

A

When we play a role even if we know it is just pretending we eventually tend to adopt the attitudes that go with the roles

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25
Q

Give an example of the effects of playing a role

A

Actors who obsessed with their roles they couldn’t break out of them like Austin Bulter playing Elvis and still using his voice later on after the movie

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26
Q

What was the Stanford Prison Experiment?

A

it was a psychological study conducted in 1971 at Stanford University revealing the powerful influence of situational factors on human behavior as college students assigned to play the guards and prisoners in a stimulated prison quickly adopted abusive and authoring behaviors

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27
Q

Explain Cognitive Dissonance

A

when our actions are not in harmony with out attitudes

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28
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Example

A

we say liars are bad people but I had just lied as well

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29
Q

How do we tend to resolve Cognitive Dissonance?

A

People often resolve cognitive dissonance by either changing their beliefs to align with their actions or by rationalizing and finding new information that supports their existing beliefs, aiming to reduce the psychological discomfort of holding conflicting thoughts. The process involves a dynamic interplay between attitude change and cognitive adjustments to achieve internal consistency.

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30
Q

Adjusting attitudes vs adjusting behaviors Example

A

Adjusting attitudes: If someone values environmental conservation but frequently uses single-use plastic, they may alter their attitude by becoming more aware of eco-friendly practices and adopting a belief in reducing plastic waste.

Adjusting behaviors: Conversely, an individual with a pre-existing environmentalist attitude may decide to adjust their behavior by consistently using reusable products, aligning their actions with their existing attitude towards conservation.

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31
Q

Social Influence - Conformity

A

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

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32
Q

Explain Conformity

A

complying with social pressures a type of social influence through which group members come to share similar beliefs and stands of behavior

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33
Q

Conformity Examples

A

You see everyone is saying hi so you say hi

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34
Q

Different types of Conformity (3)

A

Automatic mimicry, Social norms, and social influences

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35
Q

Explain Automatic mimicry

A

he subconscious tendency to imitate the behaviors, gestures, or expressions of others in social interactions, contributing to a sense of rapport and social cohesion.

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36
Q

Automatic mimicry Examples

A

yawing and adopting regional accents

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37
Q

Social Norms affect what?

A

out thinking and behavior

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38
Q

Social Norms Examples

A

we give the answer that everyone around is saying so we wont stand out even if we disagree

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39
Q

When are we most likely to conform?

A

when we are made to feel incompetent/insecure, in a group of 3 or more, when everyone else agrees with each other and when you have gave no pervious responses

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40
Q

Social influences

A

normative and informational

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41
Q

Explain Normative

A

going along with other in pursuit of social approval or bellogning

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42
Q

Normative Examples

A

the need to belong to a church to avoid paying the price of being different

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43
Q

Explain Informational

A

going along with others because their ideas and behavior make sense, the evidence in our social environment changes out mind

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44
Q

Informational Example

A

going to a fancy restaurant and dressing nice and driving on the right side of the road

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45
Q

Explain Obedience

A

response to commands

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46
Q

Describe Milligram Obedience Experiment

A

demonstrated the extent to which individuals would comply with authority figures by administering potentially lethal shocks to stagers, highlighting the alarming capacity for ordinary people to engage in harmful action under order

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47
Q

What did we conclude and learn from the Milligram Obedience Experiment?

A

individuals even those with no inherent malice could engage in harmful and extreme actions when directed at authority figures

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48
Q

What factors increase the tendency to obey orders?

A

When orders are given by someone with legitimate authority, someone associated with someone prestigious, and someone standing close by

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49
Q

What are the types of Social influences?(5)

A

Social facilitation, Social loafing, deindividuation, group polarizing and groupthink

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50
Q

Explain Group Behavior

A

other ways our behavior changes in a group or presence of others

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51
Q

Explain Social Facilitation

A

improvement in a individual’s performance when working with other people or simply because other people are present

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52
Q

Social Facilitation Example

A

playing a game at your home field or running at the end of the marathon

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53
Q

Explain Social Loafing

A

the phenomon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when he or she is works a in a group than working alone

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54
Q

Social Loafing Example

A

In a tug-a-war experience blindfolded participants pulled harder on the ripe when they were told that they were alone

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55
Q

Explain Deindividuation

A

the loss of self-awareness and self restraint in groups
becomes someone they are not

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56
Q

Deindividuation Example

A

riots, concerts and online bullying

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57
Q

Explain Group Polarization

A

the tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members

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58
Q

Group Polarization Example

A

extreme animal rights groups protesting and engaging in violent attacks

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59
Q

Explain Groupthink

A

occurs with a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in a irritation or dysfunctional decisions-making outcome

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60
Q

Groupthink Example

A

employees may conform to the major opinion on a proposed strategy even if someone privately disagrees

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61
Q

Explain Prejudice

A

an unjustified usually negative attitude toward a group and its members

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62
Q

Components of Prejudice (3)

A

Beliefs, Emotions, and Predisposition to act

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63
Q

Emotions use what? 3

A

hostility , envy and fear

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64
Q

Predisposition to what?

A

act and/or to discrimanite

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65
Q

Predisposition examples

A

shop owner refuses to make a cake for a gay marriage

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66
Q

Explain Automatic Prejudice

A

subtle, and institutional prejudice still occurs even when people state that they have no prejudice in principle but have unconscious prejudiced reactions

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67
Q

Social roots of prejudice2

A

social inequality and ingroups vs outgroups

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68
Q

Explain Social inequality

A

when some groups have fewer resources and opportunities than others: it breeds contempt for the people better off disrespect for people less well off

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69
Q

Explain Ingroups vs Outgroups

A

need to belong, dividing the world into us vs them

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70
Q

Ingroups vs Outgroups Examples

A

a football team vs a nother football team

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71
Q

Explain Scapegoat Theory

A

when bad things happen, prejudice offers an outer for anger by finding someone to blame

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72
Q

Scapegoat Theory Example

A

trump calling covid the Chinese diasease

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73
Q

Fear and the Brain in amygdala

A

prejudice seems absent in people with inactive fear responses in the amygdala

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74
Q

Cognitive roots of prejudice 3

A

forming categories, power of vivid cases, and just world belief

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75
Q

Explain Forming Categories

A

we tend to see uniformity in the appearance of other groups and may assume other similarities such as traits these presumed similarities from stereotype

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76
Q

Explain Power of vivid cases

A

Muslims and 9/11

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77
Q

Explain Just World’s belief

A

fallacy believes that justice generally happens and that people get the benefits and punishment they deserve

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78
Q

Just world belief Example

A

rich people work and poor people are lazy

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79
Q

Explain Aggression

A

behavior with the intent of harming another person

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80
Q

Different causes of Aggression

A

driven by hostile rage or can be coldly calualted

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81
Q

The biology of aggression

A

cannot be explained by a single genetic trait

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82
Q

What is the proof of genetic components?

A

the breedings of dogs and twin studies

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83
Q

Genetic Components of Breeding Dogs

A

aggression an be selectively bred thus genes are passed on to the next generation

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84
Q

Genetic Components of Twin Studies

A

identical twins are more similar in their levels of a aggression than fraternal twins or siblings

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85
Q

Brain activity on aggression

A

stimulation of given brain parts might lead to agression

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86
Q

Role of hormones (Testosterone)

A

reducing testosterone reduces aggression in both humans and animals

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87
Q

Explain Altruism

A

unselfish regard for the welfare of other people

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88
Q

Explain Bystander Effect

A

fewer people help when others are avaible

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89
Q

Bystander Effect Example

A

someone laying on the ground in a crowded place is moe likely to be left alone because no one has helped because they think he is dangerous or is faking it since no one has helped

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90
Q

Why does the bystander effect happen?

A

Because of Social factors 1. Diffusion of responsibility 2. Everyone is waiting for someone to help first 3. If no one is telling they must know he’s dangerous or faking it

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91
Q

When are bystander most likely to help?

A

When the person appears to be in need or when the person is a women or in a rural area

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92
Q

Explain Proximity

A

increases the attractiveness of a person as a result of the continues exposure that happens

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93
Q

Attraction in Physical Appearance

A

standard differ from culture about facial and body feature and desirable

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94
Q

Attraction in similar versus opposites

A

we like those we share our features , we like those who have similar feelings

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95
Q

What is Freud and Psychodynamic ?

A

views of the unconscious parts of the self

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96
Q

Vienna physician who explored mental and physical symptoms caused by psychological factors

A

observed that manu powerful mental processes operate in the unconscious (without our awareness)

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97
Q

At the basis of psychoanalysis

A

Sigmund freud led to the birth of psychoanalysis

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98
Q

What is psychoanalysis?

A

a from of therapy that explores the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind to understand and treat health issues

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99
Q

What is free association?

A

encourage the patient to speak whatever comes to the mind

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100
Q

What is a Freudian Slip of the Tongue?

A

a verbal mistake though to be caused by unconscious thoughts

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101
Q

Freud’s Theory of personality

A

represented in a iceberg

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102
Q

Explain as in iceberg

A

ID, Superego and Ego

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103
Q

Explain Id

A

resides in the unconscious mind. Acts according to the pleasure principle the idea that needs should be meet immendialty

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104
Q

Explain Superego

A

society rules and constraints represents the internalized of cultural (how to behave)

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105
Q

Explain Ego

A

part of the Id which has been modified by direct influence of the external world. It deals with reality

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106
Q

Roles of Id, superego and ego in developing personalities (0-5yrs)

A

pleasure principle to reality principle
morality principle to reality principle

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107
Q

Can you identify Psychosexual stages

A

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent and puberty

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108
Q

Oral stage age

A

birth to 1 years old

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109
Q

Anal stage age

A

1 to 3 years old

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110
Q

Phallic stage age

A

3 to 6 years old

111
Q

Latent stage age

A

6 years old to puberty

112
Q

Puberty stage age

A

genital puberty to death

113
Q

Explain why being fixated at one stage can lead to issues as an adult

A

when an issue or conflict remains unsolved. It leaves the individual focused on this stage and unable to move on to the next stage

114
Q

Explain Oedipus Complex

A

In the Phallic Stage, Freud posited that boys, seeking genital stimulation develop unconscious sexual desires for their mothers leading to feelings of rivalry and hatred toward their father

115
Q

Anxiety defense mechanisms according to Freud

A

anxiety about our unacceptable wishes and impulse we use multiple strategies to repress

116
Q

What are Anxiety Defenses ?

A

Reaction formation, regression, projection, rationalization, displacement and denial

117
Q

Explain Reaction formation

A

Forming an emotional reaction or attitude that is the opposite of one threatening or unacceptable thoughts

118
Q

Reaction formation example

A

Sarah, harboring deep resentment towards her demanding boss, employs reaction formation by consistently presenting herself as excessively nice, cheerful, and accommodating in order to unconsciously conceal her true feelings of frustration and anger.

119
Q

Explain Regression

A

retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage

120
Q

Regression example

A

oral leading to sucking thumb for pleasure
anal to withholding feces

121
Q

Explain Projection

A

attributing own thoughts feelings and motives to another

122
Q

Projection Example

A

I can’t believe you cheated on me !!

123
Q

Explain Rationalization

A

behaviors are justifies and explained in a seemingly rational or logical manner aka making up excuses

124
Q

Rationalization Example

A

I failed the test because the teacher hates me

125
Q

Explain Displacement

A

negative feelings are transferred form the original source of the emotion to a less threatening person or object

126
Q

Displacement Example

A

angry kid hits dog when mad

127
Q

Explain denial

A

refusal to accept reality thus blocking external events from awareness

128
Q

Denial Example

A

a person who constantly goes to the bar says that they don’t have a drinking problems

129
Q

Explain Psychodynamic

A

human behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to early experience

130
Q

Differnce in psychoanlysts and pschodynamic

A

Psychoanalysis is concerned with the unconscious and dreams
Psychodynamics is concerned with the human personality

131
Q

Alder

A

believe all people are unique and no theory can be applied to all people

132
Q

Horney

A

believed that neurosis resulted from basic anxiety caused by interpersonal relationships

133
Q

Jung

A

believed in synchronicity

134
Q

What is meant by synchronicity (Jung)

A

opportunities for person growth by fiding meaning in moments of coincidence

135
Q

Psychodynamic Personality Assessment

A

Free associations and Projective tests

136
Q

What is the Rorschach test

A

you are shown inkblots and asked what do you see in these inkblots

137
Q

Are Freud’s ideas still valid?

A

in some ways

138
Q

Updates on Freud’s

A

unconscious is a stream not a resvoir

139
Q

If not valid anymore then what is his legacy?

A

ego, projection, regression, rationalization, dream interpretation inferiority complex

140
Q

What is the focus of Humanistic Theories

A

to emphasize the individuals capacity for self-actualization, personal growth and pursuit of ones unique potential ina positive and supportive environment

141
Q

Can you explain Maslow Pyramid of self-actualization

A

unfillling ones potential of self transcendence people are motivated to keep moving up a hierarchy of needs

142
Q

Rogers 3 conditions that facilitate growth

A

Genuine, acceptance and empathy

143
Q

Explain empathy

A

tunning into the feelings of others

144
Q

Explain acceptance

A

acknowledge feelings and problems

145
Q

Explain genuineness

A

being honest and direct

146
Q

Ideal vs Actual self in Humanistic view

A

the core of personality is the self-concept our sense of our nature and identifying self-concept that matches their ideal self

147
Q

Evidence that traits are rooted in biology through brain activity

A

extraverts tend to have lower brain activity in the frontal lobes making it harder to suppress impulses leading them to seek stimulation

148
Q

Evidence that traits are rooted in biology through body and autonomous system (shyness)

A

te trait of shyness appears to be related to high automatic system reality an easily triggered alarm system

149
Q

Evidence that traits are rooted in biology through Genes (evidence from dog breeding)

A

selective breeding of animals seems to crate lifelong differences in traits such as aggression sociability or calmness suggesting genetic roots

150
Q

Questionnaires strategies to obtain effective questionnaires

A

questionnaire assessing many personality traits by asking which behaviors and response the person would

151
Q

Explain Personality description and Barnum statements

A

you have a strong desire for others to appreciate and admire you and you often find yourself being self-critical while you may appear composed externally

152
Q

Modern Personality assessment test

A

CANOE

153
Q

What does CANOE stand for

A

conscientiousness -> agreebleness->neuroticism ->openess->extraversion

154
Q

Trait stability throughout a lifetime

A

no ones distinctive mix of traits doesn’t change much over the lifespan

155
Q

Albert Bandura

A

the personality of an individual is shaped the interaction between their characteristics and the social environment they are in which influences their perception of the interaction between their person characteristics and the social environment they are in which influences their perception of themselves and their surroundings

156
Q

Explain reciprocal influences of becoming

A

a back and forth influence with no primary case

157
Q

Reciprocal influences of becoming example

A

tendency to enjoy risky behavior ->affects choice of friends -> they encourge rock climbing -> leads to identification with rock climbing -> ->

158
Q

Explain the locus of control

A

the agree to which people believe that they as opposed to external forces, have control over the outcome of events in their lives

159
Q

What is the difference between external and internal control

A

Internal control: we feel we are in charge of ourselves and our circumstances
External control: we picture that a force outside of ourselves controls our fate

160
Q

Example of Internal control

A

I control my future

161
Q

Example of external control

A

They control my future

162
Q

What was Self control Marshmallow study ?

A

kids who resisted the temptation to eat marshmallows later has more success in school and socially

163
Q

Explained learned helplessness

A

mental state in which an organism forced to be aversive conditions that are painful or unpleasant become unable or unwilling to avoid similar encounters in the future

164
Q

Experiments with dogs demonstrate what in helpless.

A

Dogs were randomly assigned to 2 groups to experienced shocks in the first part group 1 dog learned to stop the shocks by pressing a lever while group 2 dogs had no control in the second part when placed in a box with an escape option most group 1 dog avoided shocks while most in group 2 dogs did not escape revealing learned helpless

165
Q

Example of Learned helpless

A

when given an option to turn off a noise you chose to not turn it off

166
Q

What is optimism versus pessimism?

A

Half full, half empty water cup

167
Q

Can optimism versus pessimism be applied to many aspects?

A

It can be applied to predict, attention, intent, valuation and potential for change

168
Q

What did Martin Seligman develop

A

postive psychology

169
Q

What was Martins Seligman postive psychology about?

A

emotions, engagement, character, courage, groups, culture and institutions

170
Q

Define Self

A

the core personality the organizer and reservoir of thoughts , feelings and actions choices and attitudes

171
Q

Define the Spotlight effect

A

assuming that people are having attention focused on you when they actually may not be notching you

172
Q

What did we learn from Barry Mallow t shirt experiment?

A

people don’t notice our errors, quirks, features and choice of clothes as much as we do

173
Q

What can low self esteem lead to

A

prejudice and being critical of others

174
Q

Explain Self-Serving Bias

A

our tendency to overattribute our failures to external factors

175
Q

Explain Fundamental attribution error

A

refers to our tendency to overattribute other people’s behaviors to internal rather than external factors

176
Q

Narcissism

A

a personality trait characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success, a lack of empathy, and a constant need for admiration.

177
Q

What is a psychological disorders?

A

patterns of thoughts or action that deviant, distressful and dysfunctional

178
Q

Describe Psychological disorders

A

disorder, patterns, dysfunction and deviant

179
Q

Why is diagnosis important?

A

helps to know how to treat the person and helps to understand the case

180
Q

Mental disease early history

A

Ancient perspectives on mental disorders involved trephination to expel evil spirits and depicted them in Greek mythology as religious conflicts. This evolved with Hippocrates linking mental disorders to bodily fluid imbalances, while Greeks and Romans acknowledged the social disruptions, leading to laws for guardianship. Galen further categorized mental illnesses based on humoral imbalances, encompassing frenzy, mania, melancholy, and fatuity.

181
Q

Mental disease, middle ages

A

During the Middle Ages, the Church’s influence emphasized spiritual aspects of medicine, overshadowing the physical. Folk beliefs, associating lunar cycles and deals with the devil with mental illness, persisted and influenced treatments, which often involved drastic measures such as bleeding, sedatives, and even throwing the mentally ill into rivers, while faith in saints and shrines was believed to hold healing powers for mental disorders.

182
Q

What are Pinels innovations

A

Pinel’s innovations in mental health marked a shift in understanding mental illness by rejecting the notion of demonic possession and attributing disorders to environmental factors like stress and inhumane conditions. His “moral treatment” introduced improvements in the patient environment, replacing harsh practices with more humane approaches, such as patient dances, emphasizing a more individualized and compassionate approach to mental health care.

183
Q

How did the treatment of syphilis change our thinking of Mental disease?

A

The discovery that syphilis could cause neurosyphilis and psychiatric symptoms in the late 19th and early 20th centuries prompted a paradigm shift, emphasizing the biological basis of mental illness and challenging prevailing psychoanalytic explanations.

184
Q

What are biopsychosocial approaches?

A

evolution, psychological and social-cultural influences

185
Q

Explain biopsychosocial biological influences

A

evolution, individual genes and brain structure and chemistry

186
Q

Explain biopsychosocial psychological influences

A

stress, truama, learned helpness, mood-related perceptions and memories

187
Q

Explain biopsychosocial social culture influences

A

roles, expectations, normality and disorder

188
Q

What is the purpose of DSM-5

A

book with the information on mental disorders

189
Q

What are the Advantages of DSM-5

A

everyone around the world uses it so everyone can be on the same page

190
Q

What is the critique of DSM-5

A

too many disordered people, seem arbitrary, value judgments and direct how we view and interpret the world

191
Q

Explain mental disease, stigma, and stereotypes

A

gives labels to people putting more eyes on them when it might not even be true

192
Q

Types of Anxiety Disorders

A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, Phobias, Obbessive0compulisive disorder and PTSD

193
Q

Explain of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

(GAD)

194
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder Physical symptoms

A

automatic aerosol, trembling, sweating, fidgeting and sleep disruption

195
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder Emotional symptoms

A

worrying, anxious feelings & thoughts, and anxious anticipation interfere

196
Q

Explain Panic Disorders

A

I am Dying Panic Attack and Panic Disorder

197
Q

Panic disorder symptoms

A

chest ain, chocking and numbness

198
Q

Explain Phobias

A

more than just a strong fear or dislike

199
Q

Examples of Phobias

A

snakes=arachnophobia Even a image can trigger a reaction

200
Q

Define Obsession

A

Popping up in the mind of unwanted worries and images

201
Q

Define Complusion

A

strong urge of needing to act such as counting and cleaning behaviors can’t be controlled

202
Q

Why is Obsessive compulsive disorders a disorder?

A

time and mental energy spent on these thoughts/behaviors affect everyday life

203
Q

What is PTSD

A

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

204
Q

When is PTSD diagnosed?

A

It is characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, etc

205
Q

Why do some people get PTSD and others don’t while being exposed to the same traumas?

A

Some people have a sensitive amygdala

206
Q

What causes anxiety?

A

issues repressed in the
unconscious mind

207
Q

What is mood disorders

A

major depressive (MDD) and Bipolar Disorder

208
Q

What are Depressive disorder’s criteria?

A
  1. Depressed mood of the day and or
  2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities
209
Q

Is depression the common cold of disorders?

A

No its more dangerous and can cause suicide, has fewer observable symptoms , lasts longer than a cold doesn’t go away with time, and is less contagious.

210
Q

What is seasonal affective disorder?

A

sad, involves a recurring seasonal patterns of depressiostudydy, usually during winter short, dark and cold days

211
Q

What is bipolar disorder

A

two polar opposite mood are depression and mania

212
Q

Explain Mania mood

A

euphoric, giddy, easily irritated with: Exagerrate optimism, hypersociality and sexuality delight in everything , little desire to sleep

213
Q

Explain Depressed mood

A

stuck feelings down with exaggerated optimism social withdrawal lack of felt pleasure, inactivity, and no initiative

214
Q

What is the link in bipolar disorders in creative geniuses

A

creta energy like Mariah Carey, Demi Lovato and Vicent Van Gogh

215
Q

What is non-sucidal injury

A

has function such as sending a message or it is self punishment like cutting wrist

216
Q

What is the biology of depression from an evolutionary point of view?

A

under stress depression is social-emotional hibernation allowing to : conserve energy , avoid conflicts and other risks, let go of unattainable goals and take time to complete

217
Q

What is the biology of depression from changes in brain activity and neurotransmitters?

A

brain activity diminishes in depression brain structure smaller forntal love. Neurotransmitters less norepinephrine (arousing) and reduced serotinin

218
Q

What is the biology of depression from treating depression?

A

it is to adjust the neurotransmitters with medication. increase serotonin levels with exercise

219
Q

Describe schizophrenia

A

psychosis refers to a mental split between reality and rationality. a split form ones own thoughts so that they appear as hallucinations

220
Q

What are symptoms of schizophrenia ?

A

disorganized and or delusion thinking, disturbed perception and inappropriate emotions and actions

221
Q

What is a positive in symptoms?

A

something that is added that shouldn’t be there to the disease

222
Q

What is a negative in symptoms?

A

something that is removed that should be there due to the disease

223
Q

Postive sympotms of schizophrenia

A

hallucinations, delusions, abnormal motor behavior and disorganized thinking

224
Q

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

affective, deficits, communicative deficits, relationships deceits and avolition

225
Q

The brain and schizophrenia

A

too much dopamine/D4 receptors, reduced firing in frontal lobes thalamus become active during hallucinations and shrinking of many brain areas and connection between them

226
Q

onset symptoms of schizophrenia

A

typically schizophrenic symptoms appear at the of adolescence and in early adulthood later for women than men

227
Q

Prevalence of the psychological disorder in schizophrenia

A

nearly 1 in 100 people develop schizophrenia slightly more men than women

228
Q

Schizophrenia Development

A

The course of schizophrenia can be acute/reactive or chronic.

229
Q

Acute/Reactive

A

In reaction to stress, some
people develop positive
symptoms such as
hallucinations

230
Q

Chronic

A

develops slowly, with more negative
symptoms such as flat affect and
social withdrawal. With treatment and support, there may be periods of a normal life, but not a cure

231
Q

Subtypes of schizophrenia

A

paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated and residual

232
Q

risk factors of schizophrenia

A

biological ,genetic , environmental and psychological

233
Q

risk factors of schizophrenia biological

A

low birth weight, maternal diabetes, older parental age, famine and oxygen deprivation during delivery or maternal virus during mid-pregnancy affecting brain activity

234
Q

risk factors of schizophrenia genetic

A

one identical twin has schizophrenia other has a 50% chance

235
Q

risk factors of schizophrenia environmental

A

two placentas (DIOCHORONIC) share 50 % genetic material one placenta (MONOCHORIONIC) shares 100% genetic material

236
Q

risk factors of schizophrenia psychological

A

such as stress might affect the onset of schizophrenia

237
Q

What are other disorders?

A

Dissociative, Eating and personality
disorders

238
Q

What is a dissociative disorder?

A

dysfunction and distress caused by chronic and severe dissociation

239
Q

Explain multiple personality disorder

A

Dissociative identity Disorder (D.I.D) are distinct and not present in consciousness at the same time and may or may not appear to be aware of each other

240
Q

Explain eating disorder

A

involve unrealistic body image and extreme body ideal, cycles of depression, and health problems

241
Q

What are personality disorders?

A

are enduring patterns of social and other behavior that impair social functioning

242
Q

What is an Antisocial personality?

A

refers to acting impulsively or fearlessly without regard for other needs or feelings

243
Q

What are risk factors of personality disorders?

A

Genetics, low physiological arsoul, fear conditions is impaired, reduced prefrontal cortex tissue and substance dependce is more likely

244
Q

Who has lower brain activity? Extravorters or Invtovert

A

extravert

245
Q

explain self-serving bias

A

our tendency
to overattribute our successes to internal
factors and overattribute our failures to
external factors

246
Q

Distress and dysfunction

A

symptoms severe enough to
interfere with one’s daily life and well-being

247
Q

Deviant

A

differing from what is considered normal

248
Q

psychopathology

A

an illness of the mind

249
Q

Culture-bound syndromes

A

disorders which only seem to exist within
certain cultures

250
Q

Central route persuasion is most likely when people

A

are naturally analytical

251
Q

People are more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error in cultures that value

A

individualism

252
Q

Which personality theory emphasizes the importance of our capacity for healthy growth and self-realization?

A

humanistic

253
Q

Personality traits change less among

A

children

254
Q

Almost all the “teachers” in Milgram’s obedience experiment, when ordered to shock a “learner”…

A

complied fully and delivered the highest level of shock.

255
Q

After a traffic light turns green, drivers take about significantly less time to travel the first 100 yards when another car is beside them at the intersection than when they are alone. This best illustrates

A

social facilitation

256
Q

Dwayne is consistently optimistic, talkative, and impulsive. Each of these characteristics most clearly represents a

A

trait

257
Q

The Neo-Freudians psychodynamic theorists gave more importance (than Freud did) to the role of ________ in personality development.

A

the conscious mind

258
Q

To study the underlying symptoms of his patients, Freud most likely used…

A

free association

259
Q

Which statement, based upon evidence of the impact of biology is correct?

A

extraverts seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low

260
Q

After 15 year old Anita gave in to her friends’ request of drinking beer with them, she found it hard to resist the pressure they exerted on her to try cocaine. Her experience best illustrates

A

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

261
Q

In explaining our own behavior, or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to

A

situational attributions.

262
Q

Actions of newborns – according to Freud - are dominated by

A

the id.

263
Q

The governor claimed that unemployment reached the lowest level in years because of his hard work; he however blamed the previous government for an acute housing problem that was still unresolved. The governor’s assessments best illustrate

A

self-serving bias.

264
Q

Lingering childhood conflicts (according to Freud) often lead to

A

fixation

265
Q

While Nancy is jogging in the park, she passes an older man who is sitting on a bench while moaning in pain. The presence of others will most likely increase the likelihood that Nancy will

A

fail to notice the older man’s problem.

266
Q

Nathalie was informed that her neighbor Marie was involved in an car accident at a nearby intersection. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Nathalie to believe that

A

“Mary’s recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble.”

267
Q

Peter concluded that his wife was late for lunch because she was held up in a meeting. His conclusion best illustrates

A

a situational attribution.

268
Q

No matter how many hours Robert is studying, he always get bad grades. Now he just gave up and is not even trying anymore. Robert’s behavior most clearly reflects

A

learned helplessness.

269
Q

In Philip Zimbardo’s simulated prison study, the participants…

A

were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued.

270
Q

Feeling uneasy for actions that go against our conscience is most likely to contribute to

A

cognitive dissonance.

271
Q

Juan is convinced that the “system” is biased against Hispanics. Therefore, he is sure that he never will be able to make enough money to build a stable future. Juan’s thinking most clearly demonstrates

A

an external locus of control

272
Q

During a parapsychological phenomenon symposium, a strange old woman, who uses palm reading and astrology, impressed everybody by giving an accurate description of their personalities; she most likely took advantage of

A

the Barnum effect

273
Q

The likelihood that we will conform to group pressure is higher when

A

we admire the group’s status and attractiveness.

274
Q

The problem with group works where every member receives the same grade is that it likely will lead to…

A

social loafing

Psychology (1 decks)

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