Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 122 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 characteristics of chordates

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  3. Pharyngeal slits or clefts
  4. Muscular postanal tail
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

notochord

A

longitudinal flexible rod used for skeletal support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

dorsal & hollow nerve cord

A

-differs from solid nerve cord of other phyla

-develops into central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pharyngeal slits or clefts

A

-in invertebrate chordates, used for suspension feeding
-in non-tetrapod vertebrates, slits become gills
-in tetrapods, clefts become head and ears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

muscular postanal tail

A

-tail that extends beyond anus
-in other phyla, digestive tract extends the full length of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cephalochordates

A

-invertebrates
-lancelets
-resemble idealized chordate
-live w/ posterior end buried in the sand
-suspension feeders
-swim like fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Urochordates

A

-invertebrates
-tunicates, sea squirts
-sessile
-suspension feeder- use pharyngeal slits
-chordate characteristics present in embryo, not adult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Craniate

A
  1. pronounced cephalization and skull
  2. some type of vertebral column
  3. closed circulatory system
  4. neural crest- embryonic feature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Class Myxini

A

-invertebrate
-hagfish
-only notochord
-cartilaginous skeleton (no paired appendage, no jaws)

characteristics:
-slimy
-scavengers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gnathostome

A

has jaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tetrapod

A

four legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Amniotes

A

shelled, water retaining egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Class Petromyzontida

A

-lamprey (invasive, some exoparasites)
-primitive cartilaginous vertebrae- cartilage doesn’t have collagen
-no paired appendages
-no jaws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Class Chondricthyes

A

-well developed jaws and paired fins (gnathostomes)
-cartilaginous skeleton and vertebrae (bony teeth) (parts of skeleton may be partially mineralized) (ancestral forms had bony skeleton)
*sharks
*rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sharks

A

-Chondrichthyes
-most are carnivorous
-some are suspension feeders
-highly developed senses
*sharp vision
*smelling
*electrical field detection
*lateral line system vibration detection
-internal fertilization
*egg laying (oviparous)
*live bearing (viviparous) (oophagy of eggs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bony Fish

A

-largest vertebrate group
-have gills, lateral line, swim bladder (buoyancy), most have scales
-divided into 3 clades
1. class actinopterygii
2. class sarcopterygii
3. tetrapods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Class Actinopterygii

A

-ray-finned fish
-fins supported by long flexible rays
-bass, trout, perch, tuna, herring
-fins may be modified for maneuvering, defense, other functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Class Sarcopterygii

A

-lobe-finned fishes
-muscular fins supported by extensions of the bony skeleton
Subclass Actinistia- coelecanthsliving fossil *discovered in 1938
*Subclass Dipnoi- lungfish *gills and lungs *resemble ancestors of amphibians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Tetrapods

A

-four limbs that can support walking on land
-origin 350 to 400 million years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Class Amphibia

A

-amphibian means “two lives”
-aquatic to terrestrial environment
-tadpoles to frog *lose lateral line *gills to lungs
-live in moist habitat
-most rely on moist skin for gas exchange (some lack lungs)
-eggs have no shell, require water
-most use external fertilization
-complex social behavior- *vocal signals *migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Order Urodela- Amphibia

A

-salamanders and newts
-aquatic and terrestrial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Order Apoda- Amphibia

A

-Caecilians
-legless and nearly blind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Order Anura- Amphibia

A

-largest order of amphibians
-frogs
-more specialized for living on land- powerful legs
-some colorful and poisonous to prevent predation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Amniotes

A

-mammals, reptiles, birds
-amniotic egg allowed terrestrial vertebrates to go completely on land
-amniotic egg has water-retaining shell- so it can be laid in dry places

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Amniotic Egg Anatomy

A
  1. Amnion
  2. Allantois
  3. Chorion
  4. Yolk Sac
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Amnion

A

protective membrane around the embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Allantois

A

-disposal sac for wastes
-gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Chorion

A

-gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

yolk sac

A

-nutrient source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Amniote branches

A

-Synapsids *mammals
-Diapsids *reptiles *birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Early synapsid characteristics

A

-temporal fenestra- hole behind eye socket which jaw muscles pass through- characteristic of early synapsids

-early synapsid jaw remodeled into middle ear bones in modern mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Class Mammalia characteristics (7)

A
  1. mammary glands- produce milk
  2. hair
  3. endothermic- active metabolism
  4. efficient respiratory system- diaphragm
  5. efficient circulatory system-
    four chambered heart
  6. internal fertilization
  7. proportionally larger brains -learning +parental care
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Mammals are divided into what 3 groups?

A
  1. Monotremes
  2. Marsupials
  3. Eutharians
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Monotremes

A

-only mammals that lay eggs
-eggs are reptilian in structure and evolution- NOT avian
-hair
-produce milk- no nipples, milk sucked from fur
-evolved from early branch of mammals
-platypus, echidna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

marsupials

A

-young born early in development
-complete development while nursing- usually in a pouch
-kangaroos, koalas, opossums

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

eutherians

A

-placental mammals
-complete development in uterus- nutrients in placenta
-4 main clades of eutherian mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

primates

A

-grasping hands + feet- opposable thumb
-forward facing eyes- depth perception
-flat face (large brains, short jaws, no claws)
-flat nails (no claws, originally tree dwellers)
-3 SUBGROUPS
1. lemur
2. tarsier
3. anthropoid -monkey, ape, human

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

diapsid subgroups (2)

A

-Lepidosaurs- lizard, snake, tuatara
-Archosaurs- turtles, crocodilians, dinosaurs, birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

synapsids example

A

mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what do keratinized scales do for reptiles?

A

prevent water loss… though that means they cannot breathe thru skin (have lungs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

reptiles

A

-internal fertilization
-some reptiles give live birth
-ectotherms
-keratinized scales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Ectotherm

A

-absorb external heat as their primary source of body heat
-control temp. using behavior (warm up in sun, cool off in shade)
-can survive on <10% of calories required by a mammal
were the dominant terrestrial vertebrate for 200 million years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

4 groups of reptiles left today

A
  1. Turtles
  2. Crocodilians
  3. Tuataras
  4. Squamates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Turtles

A

-archosaurs
-hard shell to protect against predators
-some have evolved back into aquatic creatures
-still crawl onto land to lay eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Crocodilians

A

-Archosaurs
-alligators and crocodiles
-spend most of time in water
-most closely related living reptile to the dinosaurs and birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Tuataras

A

-Lepidosaurs
-Found only in New Zealand
-have a 3rd (parietal) eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Squamates

A

-lizards and snakes
-lepidosaurs
-lizards are most numerous and diverse group of reptiles (most are small)
-snakes evolved from legged lizards
-snakes has numerous adaptions for capturing prey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

adaptions snakes have for killing prey

A

-chemical sensors
-vibration sensing
-heat detecting organs
-some venomous
-articulated jaws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Birds

A

-Archosaurs
-Birds evolved from Theropods (small carnivorous dinos) (velociraptors)
-very active metabolism- endothermic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How are birds specialized to fly?

A

Reduced Weight!!
-one ovary in females
-toothless and grind food with a gizzard
-light, flexible, and strong bones
-wings- airfoils, large breast muscles anchored to a keel on the breastbone for flapping
-feathers- light and strong, made of keratin, first evolved as insulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Endothermic

A

-feathers and fat used for insulation
-four chambered heart- very efficient
-extensive gas exchange organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Ratites

A

-flightless birds
-Ostriches and Emus
-No keel on breastbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Penguins

A

-flightless birds
-use breast muscles for swimming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what is a tissue

A

group of cells with a common structure and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Main tissue types (4)

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscle
  4. nervous
56
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

-a barrier against injury, microorganisms, and fluid loss
-oriented as sheets of tightly packed cells-tight junctions
-lines outside of body, organs, and body cavities
-apical surface of epithelium is exposed to air/fluid
-basal membrane is attached to basement membrane

57
Q

Epithelial layer types

A
  1. simple epithelium- single cell layer
  2. stratified epithelium- multiple cell layers
  3. pseudostratified- single layer, looks multi-layered, cells vary in length and width
58
Q

Epithelial tissue cell shape types

A
  1. cuboidal- cubed
  2. columnar- like bricks on their end
  3. squamous- flat
59
Q

connective tissue

A

-binds and supports other tissues
-a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix
-extracellular matrix- web of fibers embedded in solid, liquid, jelly (fibroblasts secrete fibers)

60
Q

Types of connective tissue fibers

A

-collagenous fibers
-elastic fibers
-reticular fibers

61
Q

collagenous fibers

A

-made of collagen
-strength + flexibility
-do not tear easily

62
Q

elastic fibers

A

-long threads of elastin
-rubbery
-resistant to stretching

63
Q

reticular fibers

A

-thin + branched
-composed of collagen
-joins connective tissue to adjacent tissue

64
Q

loose connective tissue

A

-binds epithelia to underlying tissues
-holds organs in place
-contains all 3 fiber types

65
Q

adipose tissue

A

-specialized loose connective tissue
-fat storage
-insulation, energy storage, protection

66
Q

fibrous connective tissue

A

-bundles of dense parallel collagenous fibers
-tendons and ligaments

67
Q

cartilage

A

fibers embedded in rubbery matrix
-cushioning

68
Q

bone

A

-mineralized matrix
-support

69
Q

blood

A

-liquid matrix
-red and white cells suspended in a plasma matrix

70
Q

Muscles Tissue

A

-contraction
-long muscle fibers
-myofibrils of actin + myosin

71
Q

Muscle tissue types

A
  1. skeletal muscle
  2. cardiac muscle
  3. smooth muscle
71
Q

skeletal muscle

A

-voluntary movement
-striated muscle

71
Q

cardiac muscle

A

-heart muscle
-striated and branched

71
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

-sense, stimuli
-transmits signals from one portion of the body to another

71
Q

smooth muscle

A

-no striations
-found in walls of organs
-contracts more slowly for longer duration though

71
Q

Structure of nervous tissue

A

-neurons
-dendrites- incoming impulses
-cell body
-axons- outgoing impulses
-glial cells- nourish, insulate, and repair neurons

72
Q

organ systems in vertebrates

A

-organs suspended by sheets of connective tissue called mesentaries
-animal body must be arranged so that all its cells are bathed in an aqueous medium (allows diffusion across the membrane)

73
Q

Animal nutrition: essential nutrients

A
  1. essential amino acids
  2. essential fatty acids
  3. vitamins
  4. minerals
74
Q

essential amino acids

A

-8 in adult humans
-animal products are “complete”
-plants products are “incomplete”

75
Q

essential fatty acids

A

-unsaturated fatty acids *linoleic acid
-deficiencies are rare in humans

76
Q

vitamins

A

molecules required in very small amounts
*coenzymes
-13 are essential to humans *water soluble and *fat soluble

77
Q

minerals

A

simple inorganic nutrients

78
Q

Saliva consists of….(4)

A
  1. Mucin- lubricates food, protects mouth
  2. Buffers- neutralize acids in mouth, prevent tooth decay
  3. Antibacterial Agents- kill bacteria in food
  4. Salivary Amylase- hydrolyzes starch and glycogen to smaller saccharides, polysaccharides to disaccharides
79
Q

what is food formed into after processing in the oral cavity

A

a bolus, then it is pushed into the pharynx

80
Q

where is epiglottis? what does it do?

A

-in the pharynx
-helps block
the windpipe during
swallowing

81
Q

how much can the stomach hold?

A

about 2 liters of food and fluid

82
Q

what do smooth muscles in the stomach wall do?

A

churn food to increase surface area for digestion

83
Q

gastric juice

A

-produced by stomach
-secreted by glandular epithelium located in deep pits in stomach wall
-2 components:
1. hydrochloric acid-parietal cells, pH 2, antibacterial, denatures animal and plant proteins
2. pepsin-chief cells, peptidase, works best at low pH

84
Q

acid chyme

A

-thick broth that indicates food is ready to leave the stomach

85
Q

how long is the small intestine

A

6 meters long

86
Q

what happens in the duodenum

A

-chyme mixes with secretions from the liver (bile secretions) and pancreas (sodium bicarbonate & hydrolytic enzymes)

87
Q

What happens in the small intestine

A

-carbohydrate digestion
-protein digestion
-fat digestion

88
Q

carbohydrate digestion in small intestine

A
  1. pancreatic amylase- break polysaccharides into disaccharides
  2. disaccharidases- break disaccharides into monosaccharides (work during absorption) (built into epithelial wall of small intestine)
    complex polymers broken down in the lumen and then converted into monomers as they are absorbed
89
Q

protein digestion in small intestine

A

-secreted digested and intestinal enzymes (activated when they reach duodenum) (break long polypeptides to short polypeptides)
-bound intestinal enzymes (attached to intestinal epithelium) (Dipeptidases break short polypeptides into amino acids)

90
Q

fat digestion

A

-fats are insoluble in water
-bile emulsifies fat into fat droplets (biological detergent)
-pancreatic lipase (hydrolyzes fats into fatty acids, monoglycerides, and glycerol

91
Q

what do jejunum and ileum do

A

function in nutrient and water absorption
-most absorption occurs in small intestine!!

92
Q

surface area of human small intestine?

A

300 square meters (lots of folding of intestinal epithelium) (villi on the folds) (microvilli on the villi)

93
Q

What is inside each villus

A

capillaries and a lacteal (which is a lymph vessel)

94
Q

(Absorption process

A

-nutrients move across intestinal and circulatory epithelium (transported actively and passively)
-amino acids and sugars move through the epithelium and are carried away by the capillaries
-monoglycerides and fatty acids are recombined into triglycerides in the epithelium and combined with cholesterol and special proteins to form chylomicrons (transported away in lacteals)

95
Q

all capillaries from the villi converge to the ….

A

hepatic portal vein (which leads to the liver) (intestinal blood passes thru 2 capillary beds)

96
Q

what has first access to amino acids and sugars?

A

the liver!

97
Q

what do lacteals converge into

A

lymphatic vessels that drain into veins above the heart

98
Q

what does colon do?

A

-reabsorbs water
-contains E. Coli bacteria
-vitamin production

99
Q

Feces

A

-undigestable plant material and bacteria
-exits body thru rectum

100
Q

how much organic matter is absorbed in digestion

A

80-90%

101
Q
A
102
Q

how much chemical energy contained in a meal will be used to digest and absorb it?

A

3-30%

103
Q

carnivore dentition

A

canines

104
Q

herbivore dentition

A

molars

105
Q

omnivore dentition

A

balanced (both canines and molars)

106
Q

why do herbivores and omnivores have longer digestive systems?

A

plant material is more difficult to digest, so cecum length is a bit longer

107
Q

what do herbivorous animals use to digest cellulose?

A

symbiotic microorganisms, nutrients from the microorganisms then absorbed by animals

108
Q

symbiotic miccroorganism example in cows

A

ruminants

109
Q

what does the circulatory system connect the aqueous environment of body cells to?

A

-gas exchange organs
-nutrient absorbing organs
-waste disposal organs

110
Q

open circulatory system

A

-arthropods and most mollusks
-no distinction between blood, and the interstitial fluid (it’s called hemolymph)

111
Q

closed circulatory system

A

-annelids and vertebrates
-blood is confined to vessels
-blood is distinct from interstitial fluid
-materials exchanged using diffusion between interstitial fluid and blood

112
Q

where does blood flow in and out of the heart?

A

atrium- blood entering heart
ventricle- blood leaving heart

113
Q

arteries and arterioles

A

carry blood from heart to capillaries

114
Q

veins and venules

A

carry blood from capillaries to heart

115
Q

circulation in fish

A

-2 chambered heart
-blood passes through 2 capillary beds per circuit (single circulation) (gill capillaries)(systemic capillaries)
-blood pressure drops a lot after moving thru a capillary bed
-oxygen rich blood flows thru systemic capillaries slowly
-reduced metabolic rate!

116
Q

circulation in amphibians

A

-3 chambered heart (pulmocutaneous circulation **gas exchange organs) (systemic circulation)
-DOUBLE CIRCULATION
-oxygen rich blood is pumped again after picking up oxygen, some mixing occurs in the ventricle, ventricular ridge segregates 90% of blood

117
Q

circulation in reptiles

A

-3 chambered heart
-ventricle is partially divided (for better segregation of oxygenated blood)

118
Q

what is special about circulation in crocodilians?

A

ventricle is completely divided, so they have 2 aorta

119
Q

circulation in birds and mammals

A

-4 chambered heart (pulmonary and systemic circulation)
-oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood is completely separated in heart
-endothermic metabolism (very efficient!)

120
Q

mammalian heart anatomy

A

-2 atria
-2 ventricles

121
Q

2 atria in mammalian heart

A

-receive blood from the lungs or body (pulmonary vein) (vena cava)
-relatively thin-walled
only pump blood to the ventricles

122
Q

2 ventricles in mammalian heart

A

-thick walled
-pump blood to pulmonary or systemic circulation (pulmonary artery) (aorta)

123
Q

what is the cardiac cycle?

A

-rhythmic contraction of heart
-Systole- contraction phase
-Diastole- relaxation phase

124
Q

what do valves do?

A

prevent backflow of blood

125
Q

types of valves

A

-atrioventricular (AV) valve- between atrium and ventricle
-semilunar valve- leaving ventricle

126
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

-natural pacemaker
-sets rate at which all cardiac cells contract

127
Q

cardiac cycle steps

A
  1. SA node releases electrical impulse
  2. atria contract
  3. impulse travels to atrioventricular node
  4. delay for 0.1 second
  5. ventricles contract
128
Q

why is blood pressure lower in capillaries than arteries

A

enhanced diffusion + capillaries are smaller + larger cross-sectional area
-same volume, larger area= lower velocity

129
Q

what helps moderate blood pressure

A

elastic walls of the arteries + contraction of smooth muscle in the arterioles

130
Q

how does blood return to the heart if almost all blood pressure is lost in the veins?

A

-valves
-skeletal muscles help move blood
-thoracic cavity pressure

Bio 122 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions