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Animal Physiology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the original name for antidiuretic hormone (adh)?

A

Vasopressin

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2
Q

Describe the 3 steps of how ADH causes water reabsorptionin the collecting duct.

A
  1. When ADH binds to receptors, it allows aquaporins to be inserted into cell membrane
  2. Water moves through aquaporins and diffuse into bloodstream
  3. When ADH binding stops, aquaporins are retracted back into cell and prevents further water reabsorption.
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3
Q

List 2 functions of the hormone Aldosterone on the distal tubule of nephrons.

A

Increase reabsorption of sodium
Increase reabsorption of water

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4
Q

Describe all 5 steps of how the RAAS cascade increases blood pressure.

A
  1. Baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure and a neural signal is sent to kidney to secrete renin
  2. Renin will convert liver protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
  3. An enzyme called ACE converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
  4. Angiotensin 2 will stimulate adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone
  5. Aldosterone will increase sodium reabsorption, water reabsorption, and blood pressure
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5
Q

What does the hypothalamus hormone GnRH do?

A

Stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH

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6
Q

Which hormone stimulates growth of follicles in the ovaries?

A

FSH

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7
Q

Which hormone is responsible for triggering ovulation?

A

LH

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8
Q

Which hormone stimulates growth of the corpus luteum?

A

LH

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9
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Maintains pregnancy

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10
Q

Which hormone stimulates muscle contractions in the uterus and mammary gland?

A

Oxytocin

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11
Q

Which hormone stimulates milk production in the mammary gland?

A

Prolactin

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12
Q

Explain in detail how the suckling reflex triggers milk release from the mammary gland.

A
  1. When the offspring sucks on the teat, a neural signal is sent to the hypothalamus
  2. The hypothalamus stimulates the posterior pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin
  3. Oxytocin acts on smooth muscles surrounding the mammary gland to stimulate muscle contraction and milk release from the gland
  4. When suckling stops, oxytocin release and milk letdown is stopped
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13
Q

What is the “Van deferens” in the male reproductive system?

A

Tube that transports seminal fluid from testicles to urethra

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14
Q

Explain why males are not able to urinate during sex.

A

Urinary sphincter blocks urinary tract under negative feedback loop

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15
Q

Which gland in males is responsible for producing the fluid component of semen?

A

Prostate gland

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16
Q

Which cells in the testicles help with sperm development?

A

Sertoli

17
Q

Which cells in the testicles produce androgens and testosterone?

A

Leydig

18
Q

What does the hormone FSH do in males?

A

Stimulates testicle growth

19
Q

What does the hormone LH do in males?

A

Stimulates leydig cells to secrete testosterone and androgens

20
Q

Which hormone causes ejaculation in males?

A

Oxytocin

21
Q

After an egg gets fertilized, what prevents additional sperm from fertilizing the same egg?

A

Release of granules

22
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Any microorganism that is capable of causing disease

23
Q

Name 1 organ that produces white blood cells.

A

Spleen

24
Q

List 2 protective barriers that are part of the immune system’s first line of defense.

A

Skin
Mucus

25
Q

In the immune system’s second line of defense, explain the goal of inducing fever

A

To kill pathogens that are sensitive to high temperature

26
Q

In the body’s second line of defense, explain the goal of inflammatory response.

A

To increase blood flow to the affected areas and bring in more white blood cells to help fight the infection

27
Q

In 5 sentences, explain the process of phagocytosis.

A

The phagocyte stretches its cell membrane to surround the pathogen and engulfs it. The pathogen becomes enclosed in a bubble-like structure (phagosome) within the white blood cell. The phagosome is moved toward intracellular lysosomes. After lysosome fuses with phagosome, lysosome enzymes digest and kill pathogen. At end of digestion, remaining pieces of pathogen are released from cell.

28
Q

Explain how compliment proteins play a role in immune response.

A

They poke holes in membrane of invading cells, causing the cells to leak their contents and die

29
Q

Explain what antibodies are.

A

Immune system proteins that bind to antigens on the surface of a pathogen.

30
Q

Explain what antigens are.

A

Unique proteins located on surface of a pathogen

31
Q

What do antibodies do to pathogens after they bind their antigens?

A

Delivers pathogen to a phagocyte to be destroyed

32
Q

Which type of white blood cells are responsible for producing antibodies?

A

Lymphocytes

33
Q

How do T cells differ from B cells?

A

T cells - made by thymus
B cells - made by bone marrow

34
Q

Of the 2 cell types, which cell type produces antibodies?

A

B cells

35
Q

Describe 2 things helper t cells do after recognizing foreign antigens.

A

Communicate with B cells
Give info to thymus to create memory T cells

36
Q

What prevents the immune system from attacking the body’s own cells?

A

MHCs

37
Q

What is the usual cause of autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Immune system failing to recognize the body’s own cells as safe.

Animal Physiology (4 decks)

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