Exam 4 Flashcards
What is the original name for antidiuretic hormone (adh)?
Vasopressin
Describe the 3 steps of how ADH causes water reabsorptionin the collecting duct.
- When ADH binds to receptors, it allows aquaporins to be inserted into cell membrane
- Water moves through aquaporins and diffuse into bloodstream
- When ADH binding stops, aquaporins are retracted back into cell and prevents further water reabsorption.
List 2 functions of the hormone Aldosterone on the distal tubule of nephrons.
Increase reabsorption of sodium
Increase reabsorption of water
Describe all 5 steps of how the RAAS cascade increases blood pressure.
- Baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure and a neural signal is sent to kidney to secrete renin
- Renin will convert liver protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
- An enzyme called ACE converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
- Angiotensin 2 will stimulate adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone
- Aldosterone will increase sodium reabsorption, water reabsorption, and blood pressure
What does the hypothalamus hormone GnRH do?
Stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
Which hormone stimulates growth of follicles in the ovaries?
FSH
Which hormone is responsible for triggering ovulation?
LH
Which hormone stimulates growth of the corpus luteum?
LH
What does progesterone do?
Maintains pregnancy
Which hormone stimulates muscle contractions in the uterus and mammary gland?
Oxytocin
Which hormone stimulates milk production in the mammary gland?
Prolactin
Explain in detail how the suckling reflex triggers milk release from the mammary gland.
- When the offspring sucks on the teat, a neural signal is sent to the hypothalamus
- The hypothalamus stimulates the posterior pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin
- Oxytocin acts on smooth muscles surrounding the mammary gland to stimulate muscle contraction and milk release from the gland
- When suckling stops, oxytocin release and milk letdown is stopped
What is the “Van deferens” in the male reproductive system?
Tube that transports seminal fluid from testicles to urethra
Explain why males are not able to urinate during sex.
Urinary sphincter blocks urinary tract under negative feedback loop
Which gland in males is responsible for producing the fluid component of semen?
Prostate gland
Which cells in the testicles help with sperm development?
Sertoli
Which cells in the testicles produce androgens and testosterone?
Leydig
What does the hormone FSH do in males?
Stimulates testicle growth
What does the hormone LH do in males?
Stimulates leydig cells to secrete testosterone and androgens
Which hormone causes ejaculation in males?
Oxytocin
After an egg gets fertilized, what prevents additional sperm from fertilizing the same egg?
Release of granules
What is a pathogen?
Any microorganism that is capable of causing disease
Name 1 organ that produces white blood cells.
Spleen
List 2 protective barriers that are part of the immune system’s first line of defense.
Skin
Mucus
In the immune system’s second line of defense, explain the goal of inducing fever
To kill pathogens that are sensitive to high temperature
In the body’s second line of defense, explain the goal of inflammatory response.
To increase blood flow to the affected areas and bring in more white blood cells to help fight the infection
In 5 sentences, explain the process of phagocytosis.
The phagocyte stretches its cell membrane to surround the pathogen and engulfs it. The pathogen becomes enclosed in a bubble-like structure (phagosome) within the white blood cell. The phagosome is moved toward intracellular lysosomes. After lysosome fuses with phagosome, lysosome enzymes digest and kill pathogen. At end of digestion, remaining pieces of pathogen are released from cell.
Explain how compliment proteins play a role in immune response.
They poke holes in membrane of invading cells, causing the cells to leak their contents and die
Explain what antibodies are.
Immune system proteins that bind to antigens on the surface of a pathogen.
Explain what antigens are.
Unique proteins located on surface of a pathogen
What do antibodies do to pathogens after they bind their antigens?
Delivers pathogen to a phagocyte to be destroyed
Which type of white blood cells are responsible for producing antibodies?
Lymphocytes
How do T cells differ from B cells?
T cells - made by thymus
B cells - made by bone marrow
Of the 2 cell types, which cell type produces antibodies?
B cells
Describe 2 things helper t cells do after recognizing foreign antigens.
Communicate with B cells
Give info to thymus to create memory T cells
What prevents the immune system from attacking the body’s own cells?
MHCs
What is the usual cause of autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis?
Immune system failing to recognize the body’s own cells as safe.
