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biol 240 > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is transcription?

A

synthesis of RNA using info in DNA

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2
Q

what is translation?

A

synthesis of polypeptide using info in mRNA

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3
Q

where does translation take place

A

ribosomes

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4
Q

what does genetic info flow from

A

dna to rna to protein

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5
Q

in which cell type do translation and transcription happen simultaneously?

A

prokaryotes

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6
Q

how are the words of a gene transcribed in a codon?

A

three nucleotide words of mRNA

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7
Q

what is the initiation codon?

A

AUG

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8
Q

what are the stop codons

A

UAA, UGA, UAG

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9
Q

true/false: more than one codon can specify a particular amino acid

A

true

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10
Q

the genetic code is nearly _____

A

universal

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11
Q

how is mRNA read?

A

5’ to 3’ end

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12
Q

how is the template strand read?

A

3’ to 5’

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13
Q

what signals the transcription start point?

A

promoters

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14
Q

what do transcription factors bind to

A

TATA box promoter

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15
Q

what is added during RNA processing?

A

5’ cap and 3’ tail

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16
Q

what is spliced during RNA processing

A

introns

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17
Q

what does translation require

A

mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, and translation factors

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18
Q

tRNA anticodons base-pairs are complementary to

A

codons on mRNA

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19
Q

which site holds incoming tRNA and the next amino acid for the chain?

A

A site

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20
Q

which site holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain

A

P site

21
Q

which site is the exit site?

A

E site

22
Q

which direction does translation proceed along the mRNA?

A

5’ to 3’

23
Q

to which site does elongation continue to?

A

A site

24
Q

to serve as genetic material, a molecule must be able to what

A

replicate faithfully, contain complex info, encode phenotype, and have capacity to vary

25
Q

what is the inducible operon?

A

lac operon

26
Q

what is the repressible operon

A

trp operon

27
Q

the repressible operon ensures that transcription is

A

normally on but needs to be off

28
Q

the inducible operon ensures that transcription is

A

normally off needs to be on

29
Q

what bacteria does natural selection favor?

A

bacteria expressing only genes needed by cell

30
Q

what happens in feedback inhibition?

A

the end product of metabolic product shuts down further synthesis by inhibiting enzyme activity

31
Q

how do cells adjust production level of certain enzymes

A

gene expression regulation

32
Q

what is an operon

A

entire stretch of DNA including operator, promoter, and genes controlled

33
Q

where do genes in bacteria tend to be organized

A

clusters on bacterial chromosome, with transcription usually under control of single regulatory region

34
Q

when is a trp operon repressor in active state

A

in the presence of corepressor tryptophan

35
Q

what does a trp operon bind to

A

tryptophan

36
Q

if tryptophan levels are high, what happens to the trp operon?

A

gets turned off

37
Q

where do repressible enzymes usually function in, and what is the synthesis usually repressed by?

A

anabolic pathways; high levels of end product

38
Q

where do inducible enzymes usually function in, and what is synthesis usually repressed by?

A

catabolic; chemical signal

39
Q

what does the dense packing of heterochromatin do to the cell?

A

make it difficult to express encoded genetic info

40
Q

what does the addition of methyl groups do?

A

condense chromatin and reduce transcription

41
Q

what are non-adaptive evolutionary mechanisms?

A

mutations, gene flow, and genetic drift

42
Q

what is an adaptive evolutionary mechanism?

A

natural selection

43
Q

what is fitness defined by?

A

individual’s contribution to future gens

44
Q

what is a common ancestor

A

species/individual no longer alive that gave rise to multiple current species

45
Q

can natural selection give rise to new traits?

A

no; can only increase or decrease heritable traits that are variable already in population

46
Q

natural selection acts on what?

A

individuals

47
Q

can individuals evolve?

A

no; only populations

48
Q

what is a phenotype

A

the observable physical and physiological traits of organism determined by genetics

49
Q
A

biol 240 (3 decks)

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